The Principality of Andorra is one of the smallest states in Europe. Traditionally its economy has been based on the agriculture and cattle ranch although in the last decades it has developed an important tourist activity that has become a collector of emigrants. The origin of marriage consorts has been analyzed in the six parishes that have traditionally constituted the Principality. In total, there have been 10,208 marriages covering a continuous period from 1606 to 1960. From this information, two migration matrices have been constructed, one general and one intra-population. The study of the first one shows the existence of a male migration to long distance, mainly from the nearby Catalan provinces. It also shows that the main parameter that regulates migration is geography and that it indirectly defines the language’s performance and political boundaries as the genetic filters. For the study of the intrapopulation matrix, two methods have been used. On the one hand, a tree has been constructed and has been linked to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Different matrices have also been tested by applying the Mantel test. The results indicate that there is no asymmetry in the mobility of men and women in an intra-population level, a result that is justified by the demographic and social structure of the small population centers of the Pyrenees. It is also shown that geography is the main governing factor travel within the Principality. And finally, we can observe the existence of a genetic substructure in the Andorran population marked again by geography.
Adellach, B., & Ganyet, R. (1977). Estadistiques de les Valls d’Andorra. Andorra la Vella: Consell General de les Valls d’Andorra.
Barbujani, G., & Sokal, R. R. (1990). Zones of Sharp Genetic Change in Europe Are Also Linguistic Boundaries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87, 1816-1819. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.5.1816
Barbujani, G., & Sokal, R. R. (1991). Genetic Population Structure of Italy. II. Physical and Cultural Barriers to Gene Flow. American Journal of Human Genetics, 48, 398-411.
Barrai, I., Rodriguez-Larralde, A., Manni, F., Ruggiero, V., Tartari, D., & Scapoli, C. (2004). Isolation by Language and Distance in Belgium. Annals of Human Genetics, 68, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00044.x
Bisquerra, R. (1989). Introducción conceptual al Análisis Multivariante. Barcelona: Promociones y publicaciones Universitarias.
Boattini, A., Villegas, M. J. B., & Pettener, D. (2007). Genetic Structure of La Cabrera, Spain, from Surnames and Migration Matrices. Human Biology, 79, 649-666. https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2008.0009
Bodmer, W. F., & Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (1968). A Migration Matrix Model for the Study of Random Genetic Drift. Genetics, 59, 565-592.
Boyce, A. J., Kücheman, C. F., & Harrison, G. A. (1967). Neighbourhood Knowledge and the Distribution of Marriage Distances. Annals of Human Genetics, 30, 335-338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1967.tb00035.x
Calafell, F., & Hernández, M. (1993). Multivariate Approach to Matrimonial Mobility in Catalonia. Human Biology, 65, 731-742.
Calvo, R., Martínez, G., & Gasch, N. (1990). RecullEstadístic General de la Població. Andorra 90. Andorra la Vella: Conselleria de treball i benestar social.
Castles, S. (2003). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. New York: The Guilford Press.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Menozzi, P., & Piazza, A. (1994). History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Coleman, D. A. (1977). The Geography of Marriage in Britain, 1920-1960. Annals of Human Biology, 4, 101-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014467700002011
Departament d’Estadística (last checked 19 April 2017). Govern d’Andorra. http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/index.asp
The Geography as a Regulator of Genetic Flow and Genetic Structure in Andorra — Oak Academic Publishing
Efron, B. (1982). The Jackknife, the Bootstrap and the Other Resembling Plans. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Esparza, M., García-Moro, C., & Hernández, M. (2006). Genetic Relationships between Parishes in the Ebro Delta Region (Spain) as Estimated by Migration Matrix and Surnames. Human Biology, 78, 647-662. https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2007.0010
Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence Limits on Phylogenies: An Approach Using the Bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783-791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2408678
Fuster, V. (1985). Isonymic Relationship Regarding Sex and Name Position in Spanish Community. Collegium Antropologicum, 9, 155-165.
González-Martín, A. (2008). Ecological and Cultural Pressure on Marriage Seasonality in the Principality of Andorra. Journal of Biosocial Sciences, 40, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932007002234
González-Martín, A., & Toja, D. I. (1996). Geografia, Migració i Matrimoni a la Parroquia d’Ordino. Annals de l’Institut d’Estudis Andorrans, 103-118.
González-Martín, A., & Toja, D. I. (1998). El Estado Civil en los Consortes Andorranos: Inferencias Genéticas y Ecológicas del Análisis de la Poligamia Asincrónica. Revista Española de AntropologíaBiológica, 19, 29-44
González-Martín, A., & Toja, D. I. (2002). Inbreeding, Isonymy, and Kin-Structured Migration in the Principality of Andorra. Human Biology, 74, 587-600. https://doi.org/10.1353/hub.2002.0042
Harpending, H., & Jenkins, T. (1973). Genetic Distance among Southern Africa Populations. In M. W. Crawford, & P. L. Wokman (Eds.), Methods and Theories and Anthropological Genetics (pp. 177-179). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Harrison, G. A., Kücheman, C. F., Hiorns, R. W., & Carrivich, P. J. (1974). Social, Mobility, Assortative Marriage and Their Interrelationship with Marital Distance and Age in Oxford City. Annals of Human Biology, 1, 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014467400000221
Hartl, D., & Clark, A. G. (2007). Principles of Population Genetics. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Jobling, M. A. (2012). The Impact of Recent Events on Human Genetic Diversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367, 793-799. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0297
Kücheman, C. F., Boyce, A., & Harrison, G. A. (1967). A Demography and Genetic Study of an Oxfordshire Villages. Human Biology, 39, 251-276.
Li, W. H., & Graur, D. (1991). Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Luchetti, E., & Soliani, L. (1989). Similarità tra Popolazioni esaminate mediante i Cognomi. Rivista Di Antropologia, 57, 181-198.
Mantel, N. (1967). The Detection of Disease Clustering and a Generalized Regression Approach. Cancer Research, 27, 209-220.
McCullough, J. M. (1989). Relation of Community Size to Endogamy in a Traditional Society: Pátzcuaro, Mexico, 1903-1932. American Journal of Human Biology, 1, 281-287. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310010308
Mikerezi, I., Xhina, E., Scapoli, C., Barbujani, G., Mamolini, E., Sandri, M. et al. (2013). Surnames in Albania: A Study of the Population of Albania through Isonymy. Annals of Human Genetics, 77, 232-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/ahg.12015
Nei, M. (1972). Genetic Distance between Populations. American Naturalist, 106, 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1086/282771
Nei, M. (1973). The Theory and Estimation of Genetic Distance. In N. E. Morton (Ed.), Genetic Structure of Populations (pp. 45-54). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Pollitzer, W. S., Smith, M. T., Williams, & W. R. (1988). A Study of Isonymic Relationships in Fylingdales Parish from Marriages Records from 1654 through 1916. Human Biology, 60, 363-382.
Reiner, A. P., Ziv, E., Lind, D. L., Nievergelt, C. M., Schork, N. J., Cummings, S. R. et al. (2005). Population Structure, Admixture, and Aging-Related Phenotypes in African American Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. American Journal of Human Genetics, 76, 463-477. https://doi.org/10.1086/428654
Rodríguez-Díaz, R., & Blanco-Villegas, M. J. (2010). Genetic Structure of a Rural Region in Spain: Distribution of Surnames and Gene Flow. Human Biology, 82, 301-314. https://doi.org/10.3378/027.082.0304
Rodriguez-Larralde, A., Scapoli, C., Beretta, M., Nesti, C., Mamolini, E., & Barrai, I. (1998). Isonymy and the Genetic Structure of Switzerland. II. Isolation by Distance. Annals of Human Biology, 25, 533-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014469800006772
Román-Busto, J., & Fuster, V. (2015). Secular Trends in the Relationship between Surnames in a Population: Study of a Border Town. HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 66, 158-164.
Rosenberg, N. A., Pritchard, J. K., Weber, J. L., Cann, H. M., Kidd, K. K., Zhivotovsky, L. A., & Feldman, M. W. (2002). Genetic Structure of Human Populations. Science, 298, 2381-2385. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078311
Saitou, N., & Nei, M. (1987). The Neighbor-Joining Method: A New Method for Reconstructing Phylogenetic Trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4, 406-425.
Sánchez-Mazas, A., & Barbujabi, G. (2013). European Genetic Diversity through Space and Time. Human Heredity, 76, 119-120. https://doi.org/10.1159/000362130
Segalen, M., & Jacquard, A. (1973). Isolement Sociologique et Isolement Genetic. Population, 3, 487-498.
Slatkin, M. (1987). Gene Flow and the Geographic Structure of Natural Populations. Science, 236, 787-792. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3576198
Smith, M. T., & Hudson, B. L. (1984). Isonymic Relationships in the Parish of Fylingdales, North Yorkshire, in 1851. Annals of Human Biology, 11, 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014468400006991
Smith, M. T., Smith, B. L., & Williams, W. R. (1984). Changing Isonymic Relationships in Fylingdales Parish, North Yorkshire, 1841-1881. Annals of Human Biology, 11, 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014468400007341
Susanne, C. H. (1983). Neighbourhood Knowledge, Distance at Marriage and Migration. Garcia de Orta, Série de Antropología, 2, 41-48.
Tishkoff, S. A., Pakstis, A. J., Stoneking, M., Kidd, J. R., Destro-Bisol, G., Sanjantila, A. et al. (2000). Short Tandem-Repeat Polymorphism/Alu Haplotype Variation at the PLAT Locus: Implications for Modern Human Origins. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67, 901-925. https://doi.org/10.1086/303068
Toja, D. I. (1987). Estructura Matrimonial de las Poblaciones de dos Valles del Pirineo. Ph.D. Thesis, Barcelona: University of Barcelona.
Wahlund, S. (1928). Zusammensetzung von Populationen und Korrelationserscheinungen vom Standpunkt der Vererbungslehre aus Betrachtet. Hereditas, 11, 65-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1928.tb02483.x
Wright, S. (1951). The Genetical Structure of Populations. Annals of Eugenics, 15, 322-354.
Ziv, E., & Burchard, E. G. (2003). Human Population Structure and Genetic Association Studies. Pharmacogenomics, 4, 431-441. https://doi.org/10.1517/phgs.4.4.431.22758