This article discusses veteran instructors who were employed by the ab-sorbing establishment as instructors for women immigrants from Yemen who settled in moshav-type cooperative settlements in Israel. The findings indicate that the instruction messages in the first stage after the Yemenite immigrants settled on the land included a blurring of gender. However, differential instruction was created when the permanent homes were constructed: male instructors taught the men the hard physical labor, and female instructors taught the women their roles within the domestic sphere. The instruction system recruited to the new moshav-type cooperative settlements thus perpetuated the gender division of labor and used an effective “tool” for transmitting the patriarchic messages of the absorbing establishment.
KeywordsYemenitesPatriarchyLife StoriesWomen ImmigrantsGender Division of Labor
Abu Lughod, L. (1993). Writing Women’s Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Atzmon, Y. (2001). History of Taking Responsibility. In Y. Atzmon (Ed.), Will You Hear My Voice? Representations of Women in Israeli Culture (pp. 134-152). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad and Van Leer Institute (Hebrew).
Avdar, C. (2000). Placed and Formed—From the Village in Yemen to the Moshav in Israel. Ora: Self-publication (Hebrew).
Bernstein, D. (1987). A Woman in Israel: The Aspiration to Equality during the Settlement Period. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad (Hebrew).
Boddy, J. (1989). Wombs and Alien Spirits, Women, Men, and the Zar Cult in Northern Sudan. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Bott, E. (1957). Family and Social Network. London: Tavistock.
Chodorow, N. (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
De Beauvoir, S. (2001 [1949]). The Second Sex (Vol. A). Tel Aviv: Babel (Hebrew).
Elshtain, J. B. (1981). Public Man, Private Woman (pp. 298-353). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Emmerich, L. E. (1997). American Indian Women Assimilation Policy and Scientific Motherhood, 1912-1918. In E. Jameson & S. Armitage (Eds.), Writing the Range: Race Class and Culture, in the Women’s West (pp. 393-409). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Eraqi-Klorman, B.-Z. (2004). The Yemenite Jews (Vol. 2). Tel Aviv: The Open University (Hebrew).
Fletcher. A. (1999). Gender, Sex, and Subordination in England; 1500-1800. Yale: Yale University Press.
Fogiel-Bijaoui, S., & Sharaby, R. (2017). Introduction: Reconstructing the Private and the Public Spheres. In S. Fogiel-Bijaoui & R. Sharaby (Eds.), Dynamics of Gender Borders: Women in Israel’s Cooperative Settlements (pp. 1-15). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH and Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
Friedman, A. (2007). Motherhood in Light of Theory. In N. Yanai, T. Elor, O. Lubin, & H. Nave (Eds.), Methods in Feminist Thinking: Introduction to Gender Studies (pp. 25-45). Ramat-Gan: The Open University (Hebrew).
Gilligan, C. (2012). Joining the Resistance. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Agents of Patriarchy Teach Gender — Oak Academic Publishing
Grinker, R. (1976). Paths of the Daughter of the Rural Village. Tel Aviv: Self-Publication with Help from the Moshavim Movement. (In Hebrew)
Hacohen, D. (1994). Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Absorption in Israel 1948-1953. Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi Institute (In Hebrew)
Harpaz, D. (2017). “Woman-Alone” in the Workers’ Moshavim during the Mandate Period 1922-1948. MA Thesis, Raanana: The Open University. (In Hebrew)
Herzog, H. (1994). Realistic Women—Women in Israeli Local Politics. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. (In Hebrew)
Hill-Collins, P. (2000). Black Feminist Thought-Knowledge; Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. New York, London: Routledge.
Hooks, B. (1984). Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Boston: South End Press.
Hyman, P. E. (1995). Gender and Assimilation in Modern Jewish History: The Roles and Representations of Women. Seattle, WA and London: University of Washington Press.
Irigaray, L. (1985 [1977]). This Sex Which Is Not One (Trans., Porter, C.). New York: Cornell University Press.
Izraeli, D. N. (1999). Gendering of the Work Place. In D. Izraeli et al. (Eds.), Sex Gender and Politics: Women in Israel (pp. 167-215). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad. (In Hebrew)
Kafri, S. (1962). Problems of Society in the Immigrant Moshav. In Y. Margalit (Ed.), House in the Moshav, Female Members Talk (pp. 271-274). Tel Aviv: Tarbut Vechinuch. (In Hebrew)
Keinan, O. (2004). Kibbutzim to Moshavim: Two Methods for Immigration Absorption in the First Decade of the State of Israel. Katedra, 112, 113-136. (In Hebrew)
Lieblich, A., Tuval Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative Research: Reading, Analysis, Interpretation. London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985253
Lips, H. (1988). Sex and Gender. Mayfield.
Lissak, M. (1987). Immigrants’ Images: Stereotypes and Stigmatization during the Period of the Mass Immigration of the 1950s. Katedra, 43, 125-144. (In Hebrew)
Lissak, M. (1999). The Mass Immigration in the 1950s: The Failure of the Melting Pot. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute. (In Hebrew)
Macleod, D. I. (1998). The Age of the Child, Children in America 1890-1920. New York: Twayne.
Manzur, H. (1962). Society in the New Moshav. In Y. Margalit (Ed.), House in the Moshav, Female Members Talk (p. 263). Tel Aviv: Tarbut Vechinuch. (In Hebrew)
Millett, K. (2000 [1969]). Sexual Politics. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois.
Motzafi-Haller, P. (2001). Scholarship, Identity and Power: Mizrahi Women in Israel. Signs, 26, 697-734. https://doi.org/10.1086/495626
Narayan, K. N., & Kenneth, G. (2001). Personal and Folk Narratives as Cultural Representation. In J. Gubrium, & J. Holstein (Eds.), Handbook of Interview Research Context and Method (pp. 815-832). London and New Delhi: Sage.
Ochs, V. L. (1999). What Makes a Jewish Home Jewish? Cross Currents, 49, 491-503.
Ogden, A. S. (1986). The Great American Housewife, from Helpmate to Wage Earner 1776-1986. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Ortner, S. B. (1974). Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture? In M. Rosaldo, & L. Lamphere (Eds.), Women, Culture and Society (pp. 67-88). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Price, J. M. (2002). The Apotheosis of Home and the Maintenance of Spaces of Violence. Hypatia, 17, 39-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2002.tb01073.x
Rosaldo, M. Z., & Lamphere, L. (1974). Introduction. In M. Z. Rosaldo, & L. Lamphere (Eds.), Women, Culture and Society (pp. 1-17). Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Rosaldo, M. Z. (1974). Women, Culture, and Society: A Theoretical Overview. In M. Rosaldo, & L. Lamphere (Eds.), Women, Culture and Society (pp. 17-42). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Rosen, I. (2005-2006). Construction and Structuration in the Stories of Immigrants and Their Children in the South of Israel. Jerusalem Studies in Jewish Folklore, 24-25, 195-220. (In Hebrew)
Rozin, O. (2005). Woman Absorbing Women. The Role of Veteran Women in the Absorption of the Mass Immigration in the 1950s, History and Theory. In A. Barel, D. Gutwein, & T. Friling (Eds.), Society and Economy in Israel (Vol. 2, pp. 645-670). Jerusalem and Sde Boker: Yad Ben Zvi Institute and Ben Gurion Institute. (In Hebrew)
Sanday, P. R. (1981). Female Power and Male Dominance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schely-Newman, E. (2002). Our Lives Are but Stories: Narratives of Tunisian-Israeli Women. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Sered, S. S. (1994). Priestess, Mother, Sacred Sister: Religions Dominated by Women. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sharaby, R., & Kedem-Hadad, N. (2017). Change and Transcription of Gender Roles in Moshavim of Immigrants from Islamic Countries. In: S. Fogiel-Bijaoui, & R. Sharaby (Eds.), Dynamics of Gender Borders: Women in Israel’s Cooperative Settlements (pp. 181-202). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH and Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
Sharaby, R. (2005). Hybrid Negotiation between Absorbers and Absorbed in the Workers’ Settlement. Israeli Sociology, 6, 389-420. (In Hebrew)
Shohat, E. (1962). They Stood Tall. In Y. Margalit (Ed.), House in the Moshav, Female Members Talk (pp. 274-275). Tel Aviv: Tarbut Vechinuch. (In Hebrew)
Stoller-Lis, S. (2004). Instruction and Promotion of Health in Multicultural Societies: The Case of the Mass Immigration to Israel, 1949-1956. PhD Thesis, Beer Sheva: Ben Gurion University. (In Hebrew)
Sulami, T. (2011). Moshav Bitkha. Tel Aviv: Eele Betamar Publisher and the Moshav Bitkha Committee. (In Hebrew)
Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, Fields and Metaphors. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Tuval-Mashiach, R. (2000). Identity Gender and Status in the Life Stories of Women and Men in Israel. PhD Thesis, Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University. (In Hebrew)
Weingrod, A. (1966). Reluctant Pioneers. Washington DC and London: Kennikat Press.
Wolf, M. (1985). Revolution Postponed: Women in Contemporary China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Yaffe, E. (1919). Establishing the Cooperative Settlements. Jaffa: The Central Committee of the Young Laborer’s Party. (In Hebrew)
Zandani, G. (2004). The Rural Settlement of Immigrants from Yemen in 1949-1967: Settlement and Social Aspects. PhD Thesis, Haifa: Haifa University. (In Hebrew)