Social media have affected everyday life for many individuals for many years. Social media is now a major route for networking and increased support due to the limitations imposed to alleviate the quick and problematic spread of the pandemic. Considering the emergence of a crisis followed by the pandemic, here we present a general framework to unravel the impact of social media on resilience during the pandemic. More specifically, we present and discuss the possibility of both positive and negative outcomes of social media use on resilience during the crisis of COVID-19.
KeywordsSocial Media UseSocial Media EffectsResilienceCOVID-19
Antoci, A., Sabatini, F., & Sodini, M. (2015). Online and Offline Social Participation and Social Poverty Traps: Can Social Networks Save Human Relations? Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 39, 229-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022250X.2015.1022278
Barasa, E., Mbau, R., & Gilson, L. (2018). What Is Resilience and How Can It Be Nurtured? A Systematic Review of Empirical Literature on Organizational Resilience. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7, 491. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.06
Barry, C. T., Sidoti, C. L., Briggs, S. M., Reiter, S. R., & Lindsey, R. A. (2017). Adolescent Social Media Use and Mental Health from Adolescent and Parent Perspectives. Journal of Adolescence, 61, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.08.005
Berryman, C., Ferguson, C. J., & Negy, C. (2018). Social Media Use and Mental Health among Young Adults. Psychiatric Quarterly, 89, 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9535-6
Booker, C. L., Kelly, Y. J., & Sacker, A. (2018). Gender Differences in the Associations between Age Trends of Social Media Interaction and Well-Being among 10-15 Year Olds in the UK. BMC Public Health, 18, 321. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5220-4
Boyd, D. M. (2008). Taken Out of Context: American Teen’s Sociality in Networked Publics. Berkeley, CA: ProQuest.
Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2016). Comparing Facebook Users and Facebook Non-Users: Relationship between Personality Traits and Mental Health Variables—An Exploratory Study. PLoS ONE, 11, e0166999. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166999
Bundorf, M. K., Wagner, T. H., Singer, S. J., & Baker, L. C. (2006). Who Searches the Internet for Health Information? Health Services Research, 41, 819-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00510.x
Burke, M., Marlow, C., & Lento, T. (2010). Social Network Activity and Social Well-Being. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1909-1912). New York: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753613
Chan, J. C. (2013). The Role of Social Media in Crisis Preparedness, Response and Recovery. http://www.oecd.org.ezproxy.haifa.ac.il/governance/risk/The%20role%20of%20S ocial%20media%20in%20crisis%20preparedness,%20response%20and%20recov ery.pdf
Choate, L. H. (2017). “Never Enough”: Bridging the Chasm Between College Women’s Achievements and Their Anguish. About Campus, 22, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/abc.21284
Choi, J. H. J. (2006). Living in Cyworld: Contextualising Cities in South Korea. In A. Bruns, & J. Jacobs (Eds.), Uses of Blogs (pp. 173-186). Bern: Peter Lang.
Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2013). Social Contagion Theory: Examining Dynamic Social Networks and Human Behavior. Statistics in Medicine, 32, 556-577. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.5408
Clemensen, J., Danbjørg, D. B., Syse, M. D., & Coxon, I. R. (2016). The Rise of Patient 3.0: The Impact of Social Media. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on E-Health.
Davis, K. (2012). Friendship 2.0: Adolescents’ Experiences of Belonging and Self-Disclosure Online. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1527-1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.013
Diener, E. (2009). Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener. Social Indicators Research Series, 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_1
Dolev-Cohen, M., & Barak, A. (2013). Adolescents’ Use of Instant Messaging as a Means of Emotional Relief. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.016
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The Benefits of Facebook “Friends:” Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2015). Toward an Integrated and Differential Approach to the Relationships between Loneliness, Different Types of Facebook Use, and Adolescents’ Depressed Mood. Communication Research, 47, 701-728. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215617506
Hall, J. A., Kearney, M. W., & Xing, C. (2018). Two Tests of Social Displacement through Social Media Use. Information Communication and Society, 22, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1430162
Heath, M., & Porter, T. H. (2017). Patient Health Records: An Exploratory Study of Patient Satisfaction. Health Policy and Technology, 6, 401-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2017.10.002
Ifinedo, P. (2016). Applying Uses and Gratifications Theory and Social Influence Processes to Understand Students’ Pervasive Adoption of Social Networking Sites: Perspectives from the Americas. International Journal of Information Management, 36, 192-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.11.007
Jung, J. Y., & Moro, M. (2014). Multi-Level Functionality of Social Media in the Aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Disasters, 38, s123-s143. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12071
Jurgens, M., & Helsloot, I. (2018). The Effect of Social Media on the Dynamics of (Self) Resilience during Disasters: A Literature Review. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26, 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12212
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37, 509-523. https://doi.org/10.1086/268109
Kim, B., & Kim, Y. (2017). College Students’ Social Media Use and Communication Network Heterogeneity: Implications for Social Capital and Subjective Well-Being. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 620-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.033
Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., Jochems, W., & Van Buuren, H. (2004). Determining Sociability, Social Space, and Social Presence in a Synchronous Collaborative Groups. CyberPsychology& Behavior, 7, 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493104323024429
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N. et al. (2013). Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults. PLoS ONE, 8, e69841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Leavitt, A., Burchard, E., Fisher, D., & Gilbert, S. (2009). The Influentials: New Approaches for Analyzing Influence on Twitter. Web Ecology Project. http://tinyurl.com/lzjlzq
Lee, C. S., & Ma, L. (2012). News Sharing in Social Media: The Effect of Gratifications and Prior Experience. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.002
Lee, K. M., Kim, J. Y., Cho, W. K., Goh, K. I., & Kim, I. M. (2012). Correlated Multiplexity and Connectivity of Multiplex Random Networks. New Journal of Physics, 14, Article ID: 033027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/14/3/033027
Lenhart, A., Smith, A., Anderson, M., Duggan, M., & Perrin, A. (2015). Teens, Technology & Friendship (Vol. 10). Washington DC: Pew Research Center.
Lu, H. P., & Su, P. Y. J. (2009). Factors Affecting Purchase Intention on Mobile Shopping Web Sites. Internet Research, 19, 442-458. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240910981399
Mano, R. M., Kirshcenbaum, A., & Rapaport, C. (2019). Earthquake Preparedness: A Social Media Fit Perspective to Accessing and Disseminating Earthquake Information. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 1, 19-31. https://doi.org/10.18485/ijdrm.2019.1.2.2
Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience Theory and Research on Children and Families: Past, Present, and Promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10, 12-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12255
Merchant, K. (2012). How Men and Women Differ: Gender Differences in Communication Styles, Influence Tactics, and Leadership Styles.
Mesch, G., Mano, R., & Tsamir, J. (2012). Minority Status and Health Information Search: A Test of the Social Diversification Hypothesis. Social Science & Medicine, 75, 854-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.024
Norris, S. L., High, K., Gill, T. M., Hennessy, S., Kutner, J. S., Reuben, D. B., Landefeld, C. S. et al. (2008). Health Care for Older Americans with Multiple Chronic Conditions: A Research Agenda. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01530.x
Pawar, A. A., & Rathod, J. (2007). Occupational Stress in Naval Personnel. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 63, 154-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-1237(07)80062-1
Pawar, A. A., Chikkanna, C. B., Rote, M. S. et al. (2012). Occupational Stress and Social Support in Naval Personnel. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 68, 360-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.04.026
Pew Research Center (2018). Social Media Fact Sheet. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/
Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., & James, A. E. (2017). Use of Multiple Social Media Platforms and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: A Nationally-Representative Study among U.S. Young Adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013
Ra, C. K., Cho, J., Stone, M. D., De La Cerda, J., Goldenson, N. I., Moroney, E., Leventhal, A. M. et al. (2018). Association of Digital Media Use with Subsequent Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Adolescents. JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association, 320, 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.8931
Reghezza-Zitt, M., & Rufat, S. (2019). Disentangling the Range of Responses to Threats, Hazards and Disasters. Vulnerability, Resilience and Adaptation in Question. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography. https://doi.org/10.4000/cybergeo.32917
Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Is Facebook Creating “iDisorders”? The Link between Clinical Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders and Technology Use, Attitudes, and Anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1243-1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.012
Rosenberg, D. (2019). Use of e-Government Services in a Deeply Divided Society: A Test and an Extension of the Social Inequality Hypotheses. New Media & Society, 21, 464-482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818799632
Sagioglu, C., & Greitemeyer, T. (2014). Facebook’s Emotional Consequences: Why Facebook Causes a Decrease in Mood and Why People Still Use It. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 359-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.003
Shakya, H. B., & Christakis, N. A. (2017). Association of Facebook Use with Compromised Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 185, 203-211. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww189
Sippel, L. M., Pietrzak, R. H., Charney, D. S., Mayes, L. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2015). How Does Social Support Enhance Resilience in the Trauma-Exposed Individual? Ecology and Society, 20, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07832-200410
Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2018). Social Media Use 2018: Demographics and Statistics. Washington DC: Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/
Smock, A. D., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., & Wohn, D. Y. (2011). Facebook as a Toolkit: A Uses and Gratification Approach to Unbundling Feature Use. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2322-2329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.07.011
Southwick, S. M., Sippel, L., Krystal, J., Charney, D., Mayes, L., & Pietrzak, R. (2016). Why Are Some Individuals More Resilient than Others: The Role of Social Support. World Psychiatry, 15, 77-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20282
Stepanikova, I., Nie, N. H., & He, X. (2010). Time on the Internet at Home, Loneliness and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from Panel Time-Diary Data. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 329-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.002
Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and Offline Social Networks: Use of Social Networking Sites by Emerging Adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 420-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.003
Vindevogel, S. (2017). Resilience in the Context of War: A Critical Analysis of Contemporary Conceptions and Interventions to Promote Resilience among War-Affected Children and Their Surroundings. Peace & Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23, 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000214
Wang, Z., Tchernev, J. M., & Solloway, T. (2012). A Dynamic Longitudinal Examination of Social Media Use, Needs, and Gratifications among College Students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1829-1839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.001
Whittaker, J., McLennan, B., & Handmer, J. (2015). A Review of Informal Volunteerism in Emergencies and Disasters: Definition, Opportunities and Challenges. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 13, 358-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.07.010
Wixom, B. H., & Todd, P. A. (2005). A Theoretical Integration of User Satisfaction and Technology Acceptance. Information Systems Research, 16, 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1050.0042
Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2016). #Sleepyteens: Social Media Use in Adolescence Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality, Anxiety, Depression and Low Self-Esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
Zakour, M. J. (2019). Macro-Level Interventions in Disasters: Theoretical Foundations for Improving Mental Health Outcomes. Best Practice in Mental Health, 15, 16-28.
Zautra, A. J., Hall, J. S., & Murray, K. E. (2010). Resilience: A New Definition of Health for People and Communities.
Guadagno, R. E., Muscanell, N. L., Okdie, B. M., Burk, N. M., & Ward, T. B. (2011). Even in Virtual Environments Women Shop and Men Build: A Social Role Perspective on Second Life. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 304-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.008