The literature on programming is limited both in absolute terms and compared to the publication record of other fields, domains, and thematic areas. In a period of fifty years, there have been barely more than a dozen core books written on this topic and only a few more tangential ones. Compared to other fields and research domains, journal publications form a very small pool of information. Most papers and book chapters present programming cases and rarely deal with explicating the programming process. This presents a problem in sharing knowledge, developing new knowledge, explicating pra ctice wisdom, and teaching new generations of programmers. In this article, we present a generic process model for data collection in facilities (or architectural) programming. Programming provides information about building (or facility) users. In effect, it is a social science research endeavor. In this paper, we present a process model for collecting facilities programming information. The model is intended to function as a road map for collecting building users’ information for developing design requirements. The process guidance is delimited to the sociocultural aspects of facilities planning and design. The model is created at a high level of abstraction so that it can be applied to many building types and programming situations. This is intended to guide professionals with good social science field research skills who need to be informed about the scope of sociocultural information necessary for programming and design decision making.
KeywordsSociocultural Aspects of Facilities ProgrammingSociocultural Aspects of Architectural ProgrammingProgramming Process Models
Alio, P. (2017). Identifying, Prioritizing and Addressing Client Needs: Strategies for Home Visitors (p. 1464). University of Rochester Medical Center, NYS Maternal & Infant Health Center of Excellence.
Artinger, F., Gigerenzer, G., & Jacobs, P. (2022). Satisficing: Integrating Two Traditions. Journal of Economic Literature, 60, 598-635. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20201396
Baker, B. (2005). The Emerging Shape of Educational Adequacy: From Theoretical Assumptions to Empirical Evidence. Journal of Education Finance, 30, 259-287. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40704236
Banathy, B. (1996). Designing Social Systems in a Changing World. Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9981-1
Becker, J., Kugeler, M., & Rosemann, M. (2003). Process Management: A Guide for the Design of Business Processes. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24798-2
Bertelsen, O., & Bodker, S. (2003). Activity Theory. In J. Carroll (Ed.), HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science (pp. 291-324). Morgan Kaufmann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-155860808-5/50011-3
Blackler, F. (1993). Knowledge and the Theory of Organizations: Organizations as Activity Systems and the Reframing of Management. Journal of Management Studies, 30, 863-884. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1993.tb00470.x
Blackler, F., Crump, N., & Mcdonald, S. (2000). Organizing Processes in Complex Activity Networks. Organization, 7, 277-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050840072005
Blanchard, B. (2004). Logistics Engineering and Management (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice- Hall.
Brand, S. (1995). How Buildings Learn: What Happens after They’re Built. Penguin.
Brannick, M., Levine, E., & Morgeson, F. (2007). Job and Work Analysis: Methods, Research, and Applications for Human Resource Management (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483329505
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Making Human Beings Human: Bioecological Perspectives on Human Development. SAGE.
Burton, R., Eriksen, B., Hakonsson, D., & Snow, C. (2006). Organizational Design: A Step-by-Step Approach. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812415
Cameron, K., & Quinn, R. (2011). Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Caprotti, F. (2018). Future Cities: Moving from Technical to Human Needs. Palgrave Communications, 4, Article No. 35. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0089-5
Cherry, E. (1999). Programming for Design: From Theory to Practice. John Wiley.
Clarkson, P. J., & Eckert, C. (2005). Design Process Improvement: A Review of Current Practice. Springer-Verlag Limited. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-061-0
Collins, D. (1998). Organizational Change: Sociological Perspectives. Routledge.
Davis, G., & Szigeti, F. (1978). Functional Programming for Facilities: What It Is, Why It Is Needed, Who Does It, and When. The Environmental Analysis Group, Ltd.
Dean, H. (2010). Understanding Human Need: Social Issues, Policy and Practice. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t896kd
Doyal, L., & Gough, I. (1991). A Theory of Human Need. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21500-3
Duerk, D. (1993). Architectural Programming: Information Management for Design. Van Nostrand Reinold.
Dyball, R., & Newell, B. (2014). Understanding Human Ecology: A Systems Approach to Sustainability. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203109557
Fang, R., Duffy, M., & Shaw, J. (2011). The Organizational Socialization Process: Review and Development of a Social Capital Model. Journal of Management, 37, 127-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310384630
Fararo, T. J. (2001). Social Action Systems: Foundation and Synthesis in Sociological Theory. Praeger.
Ford, A., & Ford, F. (1999). Modeling the Environment: An Introduction to System Dynamics Models of Environmental Systems. Island Press.
Galbraith, J. (2014). Designing Organizations: Strategy, Structure, and Process at the Business Unit and Enterprise Levels (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Goodin, R. E. (1985). The Priority of Needs. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 45, 615-625. https://doi.org/10.2307/2107570
Hershberger, R. (1999). Architectural Programming and Predesign Manager. McGraw-Hill.
Hershberger, R. (2015). Architectural Programming and Predesign Manager (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315645728
Hillier, B. (2008). Space and Spatiality: What the Built Environment Needs from Social Theory. Building Research & Information, 36, 216-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210801928073
Hitchins, D. (2008). Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470518762
Holt, G., & Morris, A. (1993). Activity Theory and the Analysis of Organizations. Human Organization, 52, 97-109. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.52.1.u305r18277724374
Jabareen, Y. (2009). Building a Conceptual Framework: Philosophy, Definitions, and Procedure. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8, 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690900800406
Jackson, M. (2000). Systems Approaches to Management. Springer.
Jessop, B., Brenner, N., & Jones, M. (2008). Theorizing Sociospatial Relations. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26, 389-401. https://doi.org/10.1068/d9107
Koltko-Rivera, M. (2006). Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification. Review of General Psychology, 10, 302-317. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.10.4.302
Lamport, N., Coffey, M., & Hersch, G. (1989). Activity Analysis: Handbook. McGraw- Hill.
Lang, J., & Moleski, W. (2010). Functionalism Revisited: Architectural Theory and Practice and the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge.
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space (D. Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Blackwell.
Luhmann, N. (2012). Introduction to Systems Theory (P. Gilgen, Trans.). Polity Press.
Mast, J., Schippers, W., Does, R., & Van Den Heuvel, E. (2000). Steps and Strategies in Process Improvement. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 16, 301-311. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1638(200007/08)16:4 3.0.CO;2-E
Max-Neef, M. (1989). Human Scale Development: Conception, Application and Further Reflections. Apex.
Moos, R. H. (1987). Person-Environment Congruence in Work, School, and Health Care Settings. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31, 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(87)90041-8
Nadler, G. (1981). The Planning and Design Approach. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Norris, G. A. (2001). The requirement for Congruence in Normalization. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 6, 85-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977843
O’Donovan, B., Eckert, C., Clarkson, J., & Browning, T. (2005). Design Planning and Modelling. In J. Clarkson, & C. Eckert (Eds.), Design Process Improvement (pp. 60-87). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-061-0_3
Pathirage, C., Amaratunga, R., & Haigh, R. (2007). The Role of Philosophical Context in the Development of Theory: Towards Methodological Pluralism. The Built and Human Environment Review, 1, 1-10. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/9681
Pena, W. M., & Parshall, S. A. (2012). Problem Seeking: An Architectural Programming Primer. John Wiley & Sons.
Pervin, L. A. (1987). Person-Environment Congruence in the Light of the Person-Situation Controversy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31, 222-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(87)90040-6
Preiser, W. F. E. (1978). Facility Programming: Methods and Applications. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc.
Preiser, W. F. E. (1985). Programming the Built Environment. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Preiser, W. F. E. (1986). Programming Practices in the Building Process: Opportunities for Improvement. National Academy Press.
Preiser, W. F. E. (1993). Professional Practice in Facility Programming. Routledge.
Preiser, W. F. E. (2015a). Professional Practice in Facility Programming (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315717012
Preiser, W. F. E. (2015b). Programming the Built Environment (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315715445
Prenkert, F. (2006). A Theory of Organizing Informed by Activity Theory: The Locus of Paradox, Sources of Change, and Challenge to Management. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 19, 471-490. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810610676671
Ruona, W. E. (2000). Core Beliefs in Human Resource Development: A Journey for the Profession and Its Professionals. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 2, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/152342230000200302
Sanoff, H. (1977). Methods of Architectural Programming. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross.
Sanoff, H. (1992). Integrating Programming, Evaluation and Participation in Design: A Theory Z Approach. Avebury.
Sanoff, H. (2016a). Methods of Architectural Programming (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315541877
Sanoff, H. (2016b). Integrating Programming, Evaluation and Participation in Design: A Theory Z Approach (Routledge Revivals). Routledge.
Shareef, R. (1994). Subsystem Congruence: A Strategic Change Model for Public Organizations. Administration & Society, 25, 489-517. https://doi.org/10.1177/009539979402500405
Sharpe, L., Harwell, M., & Jackson, C. (2021). Integrated Stakeholder Prioritization Criteria for Environmental Management. Journal of Environmental Management, 282, Article ID: 111719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111719
Simon, H. A. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial (3rd ed.). MIT Press.
Staubmann, H. (2006). Action Theory: Methodological Studies. Lit Verlag.
Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and Subjective Well-Being around the World. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 354-365. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023779
Tobach, E. (1999). Activity Theory and the Concept of Integrative Levels. In Y. Engestrom, R. Miettinen, & R. Punamaki (Eds.), Perspectives on Activity Theory (pp. 133-146). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812774.011
Tuohy, D., & Coghlan, D. (1997). Development in Schools: A Systems Approach Based on Organizational Levels. Educational Management & Administration, 25, 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263211X97251006
Ullman, D. (2010). The Mechanical Design Process (4th ed). McGraw-Hill.
Van Aken, J., & Romme, G. (2009). Reinventing the Future: Adding Design Science to the Repertoire of Organization and Management Studies. Organization Management Journal, 6, 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1057/omj.2009.1
White, E. T. (1972). Introduction to Architectural Programming. Architectural Media.
White, E. T. (1991). Facility Programming and the Corporate Architect. Architectural Media Ltd.
Wilson, M., Winston, B., Gibson, S., & Alliger, G. (2012). The Handbook of Work Analysis: Methods, Systems, Applications and Science of Work Measurement in Organizations. Routledge.
Wynn, D., & Clarkson, J. (2005). Models of Designing. In J. Clarkson, & C. Eckert (Eds.), Design Process Improvement (pp. 34-59). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-061-0_2
Wynn, D., & Clarkson, P. (2018). Process Models in Design and Development. Research in Engineering Design, 29, 161-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00163-017-0262-7