The issue of mass shootings in America could be traced to 1891. However, the incident of August 1966 at the University of Texas sniper shooting and the awareness that this could be the first mass shooting and perhaps an incident that would become a teachable moment for the country; was misplaced. The utter complacence and inability to stem this tide significantly demonstrates how our society acknowledges albeit her weakness and lack of political will in tackling the obnoxious human wastages in the hands of trigger-happy kids and some mentally ill individuals from unleashing terror on our respectable institutions, and social gatherings.
Agnew, R. (1985). A Revised Strain Theory or Delinquency. Social Forces, 64, 151-167. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578977
Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. Oxford University Press.
Agnew, R., & Brezina, T. (2019). General Strain Theory. In M. Krohn, N. Hendrix, G. Penly Hall, & A. Lizotte (Eds.), Handbook on Crime and Deviance (pp. 145-160). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_8
Akers, R. L. (1996). Is Differential Association/Social Learning Cultural Deviance Theory? Criminology, 34, 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01204.x
Akers, R. L., & Sellers, C. S. (2013). Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315062723
Barnhorst, A. (2018). Mental Health System Can’t Stop Mass Shootings. New York Times.
Congressional Research Service (2013). Mass Shooting with Firearms, Incident, and Victims. https://www.gunviolencearchive.org
Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (2003). Opportunities, Precipitators and Criminal Decisions: A Reply to Wortley’s Critique of Situational Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, 16, 41-96.
Dewan, S. (2022). What Are the Real Warning Signs of a Mass Shooting? International New York Times. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A714752028/AONE?u=anon~adfe71b1&sid=sitemap&xid=2a4b2cfa
Duxbury, S. W., Frizzell, L. C., & Lindsay, S. L. (2018). Mental Illness, the Media, and the Moral Politics of Mass Violence: The Role of Race in Mass Shootings Coverage. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 55, 766-797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427818787225
Elbogen, E. B., & Johnson, S. C. (2009). The Intricate Link between Violence and Mental Disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537
Frattaroli, S., Omaki, E. C., Molocznik, A., Allchin, A., Hopkins, R., Shanahan, S., & Levinson, A. (2020). Extreme Risk Protection Orders in King County, Washington: The Epidemiology of Dangerous Behaviors and an Intervention Response. Injury Epidemiology, 7, Article No. 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-020-00270-1
Hagan, F. E., & Daigle, L. E. (2018). Introduction to Criminology: Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior. Sage Publications.
Kristof, N. (2017). Preventing Mass Shootings Like the Vegas Strip Attack. International New York Times. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A508141248/AONE?u=anon~b1063aeb&sid=sitemap&xid=fd39c0d9
McKee, J. M. (2018). Broken Windows Theory, Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britanica.com/topic/broken-windows-theory
Merton, R. K. (1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 672-682. https://doi.org/10.2307/2084686
National Institute of Justice (2022). Public Mass Shooting: Database Amasses Details of Half a Country Mass Shooting with Firearms Generating Psychosocial Histories. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/public-mass-shootings-database-amasses-details-half-century-us-mass-shootings#:~:text=Events-,Public%20Mass%20Shootings%3A%20Database%20Amasses%20Details%20of%20a%20Half%20Century,%2C%20NIJ%2Dsupported%20research%20shows
New York Times (2023). A Partial List of Mass in the United States. https://www.nytimes.com/article/mass-shootings-2023.html
Peterson, J. (2021). A Multi-Level, Multi-Method Investigation of the Psycho-Social Life Histories of Mass Shooters. National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/library/publications/multi-level-multi-method-investigation-psycho-social-life-histories-mass
Schmembri, K. (2018). The Key to Stopping Mass Shootings? Treat Them Like a Public Health Disaster, This Scientist Says. https://www.science.org/content/article/key-stopping-mass-shootings-treat-them-public-health-disaster-scientist-says https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav5566
Schweit, K. (2017). How You Can Help Prevent Mass Shootings. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/08/opinion/texas-mass-shooting-prevention.html
Society for Neuroscience (2007). Brain Chemicals Involved In Aggression Identified: May Lead to New Treatments. ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071106122309.htm
The Guardian (2012). Newtown Gunmen Kills 20 Children in Elementary School Shooting. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/14/newtown-shooting-gunman-kills-20-children
The Violence Project (2021). How to Stop a Mass Shooting Epidemic.
USA Today (2018). Thousand Oaks Bar Shooting: Thousand Oaks Make 307 Mass Shooting in 311 Days. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/11/08/thousand-oaks-california-bar-shooting-307th-mass-shooting/1928574002/#:~:text=When%20the%20thunder%20of%20gunfire,this%20year
Voice of America Special Report (2020). History of Mass Shooters. https://projects.voanews.com/mass-shootings
Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken Windows. Atlantic Monthly, 249, 29-38.
Wintemute, G. (2018). How to Stop Mass Shootings. The New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 1193-1196. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1807277
Wintemute, G. J., Pear, V. A., Schleimer, J. P., Pallin, R., Sohl, S., Kravitz-Wirtz, N., & Tomsich, E. A. (2019). Extreme Risk Protection Orders Intended to Prevent Mass Shootings: A Case Series. Annals of Internal Medicine, 171, 655-658. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-2162