Assessments of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties in the Methanolic and Aqueous Leaf Extracts of <i>Pistacia lentiscus</i> against Different Antibiotic Resistance Pathogenic Bacteria — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Assessments of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties in the Methanolic and Aqueous Leaf Extracts of <i>Pistacia lentiscus</i> against Different Antibiotic Resistance Pathogenic Bacteria
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
,
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
,
Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry), Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
,
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
,
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
2 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
3 Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry), Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
4 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
5 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
The current study was carried out to determine the bioactivity of P. lentiscus leaf extracts as potential antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The plant e xtracts were examined for antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resist ant Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus haemolyticus , Pseudomonas aerugi nosa , and Proteus mirabilis using the agar well method (according to th e gu idelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute). The antiox idant potential of 3 plant leaf extracts was determined by their ability to convert Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ and scavenge the DPPH free radical. At all concentrations studied, the methanolic leaf extract had higher total phenolic and flavonoid conte nt, as well as stronger antioxidant and antibacterial inhibitory activ ity compared to aqueous extract. Our findings with P. aeruginosa were especially interesting, because this bacterium was inhibited by methanol extract than that of th e reference antibiotics. The results also demonstrated a link bet ween DPPH radical scavenging ability, reducing power, and total phenolic and flavonoid content of plant extracts (r > 0.97, R 2 > 0.95, P = 0.01). As a result, the methanolic leaf extract of the chosen plant might be employed as an effective antioxidant and antibacterial agent for the treatment of a variety of morbidities.
Angiolella, L., Sacchetti, G. and Efferth, T. (2018) Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Natural Compounds. Evidence-Based Complement. Alternative Medicine, 2018, Article ID: 1945179. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1945179
Fankam, A.G., Kuiate, J.R. and Kuete, V. (2014) Antibacterial Activities of Beilschmiedia obscura and Six Other Cameroonian Medicinal Plants against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Phenotypes. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14, Article No. 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-241
Falagas, M.E. and Bliziotis, I.A. (2007) Pandrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: The Dawn of the Post-Antibiotic Era? International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 29, 630-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.12.012
Moussaoui, F. and Alaoui, T. (2016) Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity and Synergistic Effect between Antibiotic and the Essential Oils of Some Medicinal Plants. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.09.024
Abubakar, E.M.M. (2009) Efficacy of Crude Extracts of Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) against Nosocomial Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniea and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3, 179-185.
Czekaj, T., Ciszewski, M. and Szewczyk, E.M. (2015) Staphylococcus haemolyticus—An Emerging Threat in the Twilight of the Antibiotics Age. Microbiology, 161, 2061-2068. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000178
Kranjec, C., Kristensen, S.S., Bartkiewicz, K.T., Bronner, M., Cavanagh, J.P., Srikantam, A., Mathiesen, G. and Diep, D.B. (2021) A Bacteriocin-Based Treatment Option for Staphylococcus haemolyticus Biofilms. Scientific Reports, 11, Article No. 13909. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93158-z
Amenu, D. (2014) Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts and Their Synergistic Effect on Some Selected Pathogens. American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 1, 18-29.
Jahani, S., Saeidi, S., Javadian, F., Akbarizadeh, Z. and Sobhanizade, A. (2016) Investigating the Antibacterial Effects of Plant Extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. International Journal of Infection, 3, e34081. https://doi.org/10.17795/iji-34081
De Champs, C., Bonnet, R., Sirot, D., Chanal, C. and Sirot, J. (2000) Clinical Relevance of Proteus mirabilis in Hospital Patients: A Two Year Survey. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 45, 537-539. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/45.4.537
Parekh, J. (2007) In Vitro Screening of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Various Indian Plant Species against Selected Pathogens from Enterobacteriaceae. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 1, 92-99.
Pistollato, F., Giampieri, F. and Battino, M. (2015) The Use of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds to Target Cancer Stem Cells and Modulate Tumor Microenvironment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 75, 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.004
Girish, K.S. and Kemparaju, K. (2005) Inhibition of Naja naja Venom Hyaluronidase by Plant-Derived Bioactive Components and Polysaccharides. Biochemistry (Moscow), 70, 948-952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10541-005-0207-z
Ullah, M.F. and Khan, M.W. (2008) Food as Medicine: Potential Therapeutic Tendencies of Plant Derived Polyphenolic Compounds. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 9, 187-196.
Nogueira, G.F., Oliveira, R.A.D., Velasco, J.I. and Fakhouri, F.M. (2020) Methods of Incorporating Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds into Films Made with Agro-Based Polymers for Application as Food Packaging: A Brief Review. Polymers, 12, 2518. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112518
Thomas-Charles, C. and Fennell, H. (2019) Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity of Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Current Molecular Biology Reports, 5, 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40610-019-00123-x
Annunziata, G., Sanduzzi Zamparelli, M., Santoro, C., Ciampaglia, R., Stornaiuolo, M., Tenore, G.C., Sanduzzi, A. and Novellino, E. (2020) May Polyphenols Have a Role against Coronavirus Infection? An Overview of in Vitro Evidence. Frontiers in Medicine, 7, Article No. 240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00240
Kasote, D.M., Katyare, S.S., Hegde, M.V. and Bae, H. (2015) Significance of Antioxidant Potential of Plants and Its Relevance to Therapeutic Applications. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, 982-991. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.12096
Halliwell, B. (2007) Biochemistry of Oxidative Stress. Biochemical Society Transactions, 35, 1147-1150. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0351147
Aqil, F., Ahmad, I. and Mehmood, Z. (2006) Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Twelve Traditionally Used Indian Medicinal Plants. Turkish Journal of Biology, 30, 177-183.
Gomes, E.C., Silva, A.N. and Oliveira, M.R.D. (2012) Oxidants, Antioxidants, and the Beneficial Roles of Exercise-Induced Production of Reactive Species. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, Article ID: 756132. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/756132
Sundaram, R. and Mitra, S.K. (2007) Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Soluble Fraction of Acacia arabica Bark in Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 39, 33-38. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.30761
Hutadilok-Towatana, N., Chaiyamutti, P., Panthong, K., Mahabusarakam, W. and Rukachaisirikul, V. (2006) Antioxidative and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Some Plants Used in Thai Folk Medicine. Pharmaceutical Biology, 44, 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200600685592
Paraschos, S., Magiatis, P., Mitakou, S., Petraki, K., Kalliaropoulos, A., Maragkoudakis, P., Mentis, A., Sgouras, D. and Skaltsounis, A.L. (2007) In Vitro and in Vivo Activities of Chios Mastic Gum Extracts and Constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51, 551-559. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00642-06
Saliha, D., Seddik, K., Djamila, A., Abdrrahmane, B., Lekhmici, A. and Noureddine, C. (2013) Antioxidant Proprieties of Pistacia lentiscus L. Leaves Extracts. Pharmacognosy Communications, 3, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.5530/pc.2013.2.7
Rodríguez-Pérez, C., Quirantes-Piné, R., Amessis-Ouchemoukh, N., Madani, K., Segura-Carretero, A. and Fernández-Gutierrez, A. (2013) A Metabolite-Profiling Approach Allows the Identification of New Compounds from Pistacia lentiscus Leaves. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 77, 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.026
Dragovic, S., Dragovic-Uzelac, V., Pedisic, S., Cosic, Z., Friscic, M., Garofulic, I.E. and Zoric, Z. (2020) The Mastic Tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) Leaves as Source of BACs: Effect of Growing Location, Phenological Stage and Extraction Solvent on Phenolic Content. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 58, 303-313. https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.58.03.20.6662
Dogan, Y., Baslar, S., Ayden, H. and Mert, H.H. (2003) A Study of the Soil-Plant Interactions of Pistacia lentiscus L. Distributed in the Western Anatolian Part of Turkey. Acta Botanica Croatica, 62, 73-88.
Amel, Z., Nabila, B.B., Nacéra, G., Fethi, T. and Fawzia, A.B. (2016) Assessment of Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts from the Leaf, Stem, Fruit and Root of Pistacia lentiscus L. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 8, 627-633.
Benhammou, N., Bekkara, F.A. and Panovska, T.K. (2008) Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia atlantica Extracts. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2, 22-28.
Kottakis, F., Kouzi-Koliakou, K., Pendas, S., Kountouras, J. and Choli-Papadopoulou, T. (2009) Effects of Mastic Gum Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia on Innate Cellular Immune Effectors. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 21, 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e32831c50c9
Bouriche, H., Saidi, A., Ferradji, A., Belambri, S.A. and Senator, A. (2016) Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Pistacia lentiscus Extracts. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 6, 140-146. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2016.60721
Qiao, J., Li, A., Jin, X. and Wang, J. (2011) Mastic Alleviates Allergic Inflammation in Asthmatic Model Mice by Inhibiting Recruitment of Eosinophils. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 45, 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2010-0212OC
Loizou, S., Paraschos, S., Mitakou, S., Chrousos, G.P., Lekakis, I. and Moutsatsou, P. (2009) Chios Mastic Gum Extract and Isolated Phytosterol Tirucallol Exhibit Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 234, 553-561. https://doi.org/10.3181/0811-RM-338
Janakat, S. and Al-Merie, H. (2002) Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Effect of Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia and Nicotiana glauca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 83, 135-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00241-6
Maameri, Z., Djerrou, Z., Halmi, S., Djaalab, H., Riachi, F. and Hamdipacha, Y. (2015) Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Effect of Pistacia lentiscus L. Fatty Oil in Rats Intoxicated by Carbon Tetrachloride. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 7, 251-254.
Magiatis, P., Melliou, E., Skaltsounis, A.L., Chinou, I.B. and Mitaku, S. (1999) Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia. Planta Medica, 65, 749-752. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960856
Iauk, L., Ragusa, S., Rapisarda, A., Franco, S. and Nicolosi, V.M. (1996) In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. Extracts: Preliminary Report. Journal of Chemotherapy, 8, 207-209. https://doi.org/10.1179/joc.1996.8.3.207
Vu, T.T., Kim, H., Tran, V.K., Le Dang, Q., Nguyen, H.T., Kim, H., Kim, I.S., Choi, G.J. and Kim, J.C. (2015) In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used in Vietnam against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, Article No. 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1007-2
Naema, M.E.A., Salah, N.B., Mohammed, F.E. and Yusra F.L. (2018) Determination of the Total Phenolic and Flavonoid in Various Extracts of Adiantum capillus-veneris L., as Well as Their Radical Scavenging Activity. Acta Scientific Microbiology, 1, 4-9. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASMI.2018.01.0002
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. and Chern, J.C. (2002) Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content in Propolis by Two Complementary Colorimetric Methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10, 178-182. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748
Li, C.C. and Lin, E.S. (2010) Antiradical Capacity and Reducing Power of Different Extraction Method of Areca catechu Seed. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 7831-7836. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.864
Ara, N. and Nur, H. (2009) In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Leaves and Flowers Extracts of Lippia alba. Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 4, 107-110.
Rao, A.S., Reddy, S.G., Babu, P.P. and Reddy, A.R. (2010) The Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Methanolic Extracts from Njavara Rice Bran. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10, Article No. 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-4
Valgas, C., Souza, S.M.D., Smania, E.F. and Smania Jr., A. (2007) Screening Methods to Determine Antibacterial Activity of Natural Products. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38, 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822007000200034
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 27th Edition, CLSI Standard M100-S26. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne.
Soobrattee, M.A., Neergheen, V.S., Luximon-Ramma, A., Aruoma, O.I. and Bahorun, T. (2005) Phenolics as Potential Antioxidant Therapeutic Agents: Mechanism and Actions. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 579, 200-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.023
Piluzza, G. and Bullitta, S. (2011) Correlations between Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties in Twenty-Four Plant Species of Traditional Ethnoveterinary Use in the Mediterranean area. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49, 240-247. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2010.501083
Tekwu, E.M., Pieme, A.C. and Beng, V.P. (2012) Investigations of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Cameroonian Medicinal Plant Extracts against Bacteria and Yeast with Gastrointestinal Relevance. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 142, 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.005
Robles-Zepeda, R.E., Coronado-Aceves, E.W., Velázquez-Contreras, C.A., Ruiz-Bustos, E., Navarro-Navarro, M. and Garibay-Escobar, A. (2013) In Vitro Anti-Mycobacterial Activity of Nine Medicinal Plants Used by Ethnic Groups in Sonora, Mexico. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13, Article No. 329. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-329
Gardeli, C., Vassiliki, P., Athanasios, M., Kibouris, T. and Komaitis, M. (2008) Essential Oil Composition of Pistacia lentiscus L. and Myrtus communis L.: Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity of Methanolic Extracts. Food Chemistry, 107, 1120-1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.09.036
Missoun, F., Bouabedelli, F., Benhamimed, E., Baghdad, A. and Djebli, N. (2017) Phytochemical Study and Antibacterial Activity of Different Extracts of Pistacia lentiscus L Collected from Dahra Region West of Algeria. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 9, 669-684. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i2.4
Jayalakshmi, B., Raveesha, K.A. and Amruthesh, K.N. (2011) Phytochemical Investigations and Antibacterial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants against Pathogenic Bacteria. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 1, 124-128.
Alam, M.T., Karim, M.M. and Khan, S.N. (2009) Antibacterial Activity of Different Organic Extracts of Achyranthes aspera and Cassia alata. Journal of Scientific Research, 1, 393-398. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v1i2.2298
Parekh, J., Jadeja, D. and Chanda, S. (2006) Efficacy of Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Some Medicinal Plants for Potential Antibacterial Activity. Turkish Journal of Biology, 29, 203-210.
Bakli, S., Daoud, H., Amina, Z., Nouari, S., Asma, B., Soufiane, G. and Oumaima, N. (2020) Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Flavonoids Extracted from Pistacia lentiscus L., Leaves. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 10, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i1-s.3895
Yemmen, M., Landolsi, A., Hamida, J.B., Mégraud, F. and Ayadi, M.T. (2017) Antioxidant Activities, Anticancer Activity and Polyphenolics Profile, of Leaf, Fruit and Stem Extracts of Pistacia lentiscus from Tunisia. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 63, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2017.63.9.16
Wafa, N. and Sofiane, G. (2020) Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous and Methanolic Extract of Rosmarinus eriocalyx Jord. & Fourr. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 14, 254-262. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i1.21
Alhadad, A.O., Elmhdwi, M.F., Salem, G.S. and Elshareef, S.M. (2021) Evaluation the in Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Acetone Leaf Extracts from Pistacia lentiscus against Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9, 100-105.
Muzafar, S., Abdul Rashid, M., MK, M. and Irshad, M. (2012) Studies on Some Plant Extracts for Their Antimicrobial Potential against Certain Pathogenic Microorganisms. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3, 209-213. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.32025
Cheruiyot, K.R., Olila, D. and Kateregga, J. (2009) In-Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants from Longisa Region of Bomet District, Kenya. African Health Sciences, 9, 42-46.
Matuszewska, A., Jaszek, M., Stefaniuk, D., Ciszewski, T. and Matuszewski, L. (2018) Anticancer, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Low Molecular Weight Bioactive Subfractions Isolated from Cultures of Wood Degrading Fungus Cerrena unicolor. PLoS ONE, 13, e0197044. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197044
Farjana, A., Zerin, N. and Kabir, M.S. (2014) Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Leaf Extracts against Pathogenic Bacteria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 4, S920-S923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60758-1
Segatore, B., Setacci, D., Perilli, M., Franceschini, N., Marchetti, F. and Amicosante, G. (2000) Bactericidal Activity of Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin on Clinical Isolates of Different Phenotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 13, 223-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00119-3
Bonfiglio, G. (2001) Is Levofloxacin as Active as Ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa? Chemotherapy, 47, 239-242. https://doi.org/10.1159/000048529
Marchetti, F. and Viale, P. (2003) Current and Future Perspectives for Levofloxacin in Severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. Journal of Chemotherapy, 15, 315-322. https://doi.org/10.1179/joc.2003.15.4.315
Cantón, R. and Morosini, M.I. (2011) Emergence and Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Following Exposure to Antibiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 35, 977-991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00295.x
Atef, N.M., Shanab, S.M., Negm, S.I. and Abbas, Y.A. (2019) Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Plant Extracts against Antibiotic Susceptible and Resistant Bacterial Strains Causing Wound Infection. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43, Article No. 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0184-9
Cabana, R., Silva, L.R., Valentao, P., Viturro, C.I. and Andrade, P.B. (2013) Effect of Different Extraction Methodologies on the Recovery of Bioactive Metabolites from Satureja parvifolia (Phil.) Epling (Lamiaceae). Industrial Crops and Products, 2013, 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.003
Onyebuchi, C. and Kavaz, D. (2020) Effect of Extraction Temperature and Solvent Type on the Bioactive Potential of Ocimum gratissimum L. Extracts. Scientific Reports, 10, Article No. 21760. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78847-5
Djidel, S., Bouaziz, A., Bentehar, A., Khennouf, S., Baghiani, A., Dahamna, S. and Amira, S. (2018) Effect of Methanol Extract Prepared from Leaf of Pistacia lentiscus on Plasma Antioxidant Activity and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Liver Tissue of Healthy Rats. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2018/39005
Shoeb, H.A., Madkour, H.M., Refahy, L.A., Mohamed, M.A., Saad, A.M. and Ghareeb, M.A. (2014) Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Gmelina arborea ROXB. Leaves. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4, 125-144. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2014/6018
Marjoni, M.R. and Zulfisa, A. (2017) Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Extract/ Fractions of Senggani Leaves (Melastoma candidum D. Don). Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, 8, 1-6.
Toledo, A.G., Souza, J.D.L., Santana, C.B., Mallmann, A.P., Dos Santos, C.V., Corrêa, J.M. and Pinto, F.D.S. (2021) Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Prospection of Eugenia involucrata DC. Leaf Extracts. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 83, e245753. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.245753
Ibrahim, N. and Kebede, A. (2020) In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Methanol and Aqueous Leave Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27, 2261-2268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.047
Pérez-Bonilla, M., Salido, S., Sánchez, A., van Beek, T.A. and Altarejos, J. (2013) Effect of Extraction Conditions on the Antioxidant Activity of Olive Wood Extracts. International Journal of Food Science, 2013, Article ID: 719593. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/719593
Bahrin, N., Muhammad, N., Abdullah, N., Talip, B.H.A., Jusoh, S. and Theng, S.W. (2018) Effect of Processing Temperature on Antioxidant Activity of Ficus carica Leaves Extract. Journal of Science and Technology, 10, 99-103. https://doi.org/10.30880/jst.2018.10.02.016
Molyneux, P. (2004) The Use of the Stable Free Radical Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26, 211-219.
Gyawali, R. and Ibrahim, S.A. (2014) Natural Products as Antimicrobial Agents. Food Control, 46, 412-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.047
Oliveira, A.P., Valentao, P., Pereira, J.A., Silva, B.M., Tavares, F. and Andrade, P.B. (2009) Ficus carica L.: Metabolic and Biological Screening. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 2841-2846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.004
El Jemli, M., Kamal, R., Marmouzi, I., Zerrouki, A., Cherrah, Y. and Alaoui, K. (2016) Radical-Scavenging Activity and Ferric Reducing Ability of Juniperus thurifera (L.), J. oxycedrus (L.), J. phoenicea (L.) and Tetraclinis articulata (L.). Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 2016, Article ID: 6392656. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6392656
Chaouche, T.M., Haddouchi, F., Ksouri, R. and Atik-Bekkara, F. (2014) Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Hydromethanolic Extracts of Some Medicinal Species from South Algeria. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 77, 302-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2014.01.009
Yu, L., Haley, S., Perret, J., Harris, M., Wilson, J. and Qian, M. (2002) Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Wheat Extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 1619-1624. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010964p
Kumar, S., Sandhir, R. and Ojha, S. (2014) Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenol in Different Varieties of Lantana camara Leaves. BMC Research Notes, 7, Article No. 560. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-560