Analysis of Hemoglobin Electrophoresis Results and Their Clinical Significance in Neonates from Beiliu City

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to analyze the results of hemoglobin electrophoresis in newborns from Beiliu City to assess the occurrence rate of hemoglobin abnormalities, understand the distribution of different types of hemoglobin variants, and provide a basis for neonatal disease screening and early intervention. Methods: A total of 4134 newborns born at Beiliu Maternity and Child Health Hospital from January to December 2023 were included in this study. The capillary electrophoresis analyzer CAPILLARYS 2 (Sebia, France) was used to analyze umbilical cord blood samples from newborns, assessing the distribution of different hemoglobin types. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, with results presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Among the 4134 newborns, there were 2230 male infants and 1904 female infants, showing a significant gender ratio difference (X 2 = 51.42, P < 0.001). Hemoglobin A (HbA) was detected in all 4134 cases (100%), with 458 cases below the normal reference lower limit (12%) and 30 cases above the normal reference upper limit (40%). Hemoglobin F (HbF) was detected in 4114 cases (99.52%), with 51 cases below the normal range (60%) and 577 cases above the normal range (87%), and 20 cases undetected. Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) was detected in 1207 cases (29.20%), with 32 cases above the normal upper limit (1.1%). Hemoglobin Barts (HbBarts) was detected in 514 cases (12.43%), hemoglobin C (HbC) in 1 case (0.024%), hemoglobin E (HbE) in 9 cases (0.22%), hemoglobin H (HbH) in 47 cases (1.14%), and other abnormal hemoglobins were detected in a total of 10 cases (0.24%). The positivity rate of various abnormal hemoglobins was significantly associated with family history, highlighting the importance of newborn blood health screening. Conclusion : The results of hemoglobin electrophoresis show a significant difference in the ratio of male to female newborns in Beiliu City. The detection rates of hemoglobins A, F, A2, and others vary, with a relatively low incidence of abnormal hemoglobins, but a significant association with family history. Special attention is needed for abnormalities in hemoglobins F and A2, underscoring the importance of neonatal blood health screening. The findings indicate the presence of hemoglobin variants, suggesting a need for enhanced monitoring and intervention.