Circular Εconomy Applications: The Sustainable Utilisation of Fish By-Products for Seafood Production and Its Impact on Human Health — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Circular Εconomy Applications: The Sustainable Utilisation of Fish By-Products for Seafood Production and Its Impact on Human Health
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
,
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
,
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
,
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
1 Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
2 Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
3 Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
4 Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
Seafood is an important part of a balanced diet, and the demand for fishery and aquaculture products has increased significantly in recent years, leading to considerable development in aquaculture and fish processing generates large quantities of by-products such as heads, skin, viscera, and bones, which account for around 60% of the total biomass. Despite their high protein value, a large proportion of these waste are disposed of into the environment, leading to eutrophication and degradation of aquatic ecosystems. This threatens marine biodiversity and the sustainability of the fishing and aquaculture industry. Enzymatic hydrolysis ( EH ) has established itself as an efficient and environmentally friendly method for valorising these by-products. This process produces fish protein hydrolysates ( FPH ), which are rich in bioactive peptides ( BAPs ) and free amino acids and have antioxidant, antimicrobial and immune-boosting properties. FPH are used in aquaculture fish feed, functional foods, and pharmaceutical products. Their inclusion in the feed of farmed fish improves growth and health while reducing dependence on fishmeal, the availability of which is decreasing due to declining fish stocks. In addition, fish fed with FPH-enriched feed provide compounds that are beneficial to human health. Regular consumption of such fish may contribute, as observed in in vitro studies, to the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and cancer, while improving digestive and immune function as observed in laboratory studies. This review highlights the sustainable and environmentally friendly use of EH to extract bioactive compounds from fish by-products. It analyzes pre-treatment methods and the applications of the resulting FPH as an alternative to fishmeal, with the aim of increasing aquaculture productivity and promoting human health.
KeywordsFish By-ProductFPHEnzymatic HydrolysisFish FeedHuman Health EffectsSustainable AquacultureCircular Economy
Halim, N.R.A., Yusof, H.M. and Sarbon, N.M. (2016) Functional and Bioactive Properties of Fish Protein Hydolysates and Peptides: A Comprehensive Review. Trends in Food Science & Technology , 51, 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.02.007
Siddik, M.A.B., Howieson, J., Fotedar, R. and Partridge, G.J. (2020) Enzymatic Fish Protein Hydrolysates in Finfish Aquaculture: A Review. Reviews in Aquaculture , 13, 406-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12481
Chalamaiah, M., Dinesh kumar, B., Hemalatha, R. and Jyothirmayi, T. (2012) Fish Protein Hydrolysates: Proximate Composition, Amino Acid Composition, Antioxidant Activities and Applications: A Review. Food Chemistry , 135, 3020-3038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.100
Kristinsson, H.G. and Rasco, B.A. (2000) Fish Protein Hydrolysates: Production, Biochemical, and Functional Properties. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 40, 43-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690091189266
Zamora-Sillero, J., Gharsallaoui, A. and Prentice, C. (2018) Peptides from Fish By-Product Protein Hydrolysates and Its Functional Properties: An Overview. Marine Biotechnology , 20, 118-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-018-9799-3
Arvanitoyannis, I.S. and Kassaveti, A. (2008) Fish Industry Waste: Treatments, Environmental Impacts, Current and Potential Uses. International Journal of Food Science & Technology , 43, 726-745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01513.x
Strasburg, G.M. and Xiong, Y.L. (2017) Physiology and Chemistry of Edible Muscle Tissues. In: Damodaran, S. and Parkin, K.L., Eds., Fennema ’ s Food Chemistry , CRC Press, 955-1015.
Abdullah, F.I., Hamid, N.H., Abd Karim, M.M., Ismail, M.F., Sin, N.L.W.W. and Kamaruddin, M.S. (2024) Fish Protein Hydrolysate for Fish Health. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology , 60, Article 103292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103292
Ishak, N.H. and Sarbon, N.M. (2017) Optimization of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Conditions of Waste from Shortfin Scad ( Decapterus macrosoma ) for the Production of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Peptide Using Response Surface Methodology. International Food Research Journal , 24, 1735-1743.
Wangkheirakpam, M.R., Mahanand, S.S., Majumdar, R.K., Sharma, S., Hidangma-yum, D.D. and Netam, S. (2019) Fish Waste Utilization with Reference to Fish Protein Hydrolisate—A Review. Fishery Technology , 56, 169-178.
Fotodimas, I., Ioannou, Z. and Kanlis, G. (2024) A Review of the Benefits of the Sustainable Utilization of Shrimp Waste to Produce Novel Foods and the Impact on Human Health. Sustainability , 16, Article 6909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166909
Sharkey, S.J., Harnedy‐Rothwell, P.A., Allsopp, P.J., Hollywood, L.E., FitzGerald, R.J. and O’Harte, F.P.M. (2020) A Narrative Review of the Anti‐Hyperglycemic and Satiating Effects of Fish Protein Hydrolysates and Their Bioactive Peptides. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , 64, Article ID: 2000403. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202000403
Idowu, A.T., Igiehon, O.O., Idowu, S., Olatunde, O.O. and Benjakul, S. (2021) Bioactivity Potentials and General Applications of Fish Protein Hydrolysates. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics , 27, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-020-10071-1
Hodar, A.R., Vasava, R.J., Mahayadiya, D.R. and Joshi, N.H. (2020) Fish Meal and Fish Oil Replacement for Aqua Feed Formulation by Using Alternative Sources: A Review. Journal of Experimental Zoology - India , 23, 13-21.
Suma, A.Y., Nandi, S.K., Abdul Kari, Z., Goh, K.W., Wei, L.S., Tahiluddin, A.B., et al . (2023) Beneficial Effects of Graded Levels of Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH) on the Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Liver and Intestinal Health, Economics Efficiency, and Disease Resistance to Aeromonas Hydrophila of Pabda ( Ompok pabda ) Fingerling. Fishes , 8, Article 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8030147
Nirmal, N.P., Santivarangkna, C., Rajput, M.S., Benjakul, S. and Maqsood, S. (2022) Valorization of Fish Byproducts: Sources to End‐Product Applications of Bioactive Protein Hydrolysate. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety , 21, 1803-1842. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12917
Ryu, B., Shin, K. and Kim, S. (2021) Muscle Protein Hydrolysates and Amino Acid Composition in Fish. Marine Drugs , 19, Article 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19070377
Ishak, N.H. and Sarbon, N.M. (2018) A Review of Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides Deriving from Wastes Generated by Fish Processing. Food and Bioprocess Technology , 11, 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-017-1940-1
Liaset, B., Lied, E. and Espe, M. (2000) Enzymatic Hydrolysis of By-Products from the Fish-Filleting Industry; Chemical Characterisation and Nutritional Evaluation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 80, 581-589. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(200004)80:5<581::aid-jsfa578>3.0.co;2-i
Pontoh, J. (2019) Extraction and Characterization of Fish Oil from Various Parts of Snakehead Fish ( Chana striata ). International Journal of ChemTech Research , 12, 323-328. https://doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.120139
Wai, A.L.S., Man, R.C., Mudalip, S.K.A., Sulaiman, S.Z., Arshad, Z.I.M. and Shaarani, S.M. (2020) Effects of Chemical Hydrolysis Operating Parameters on the Production of Antioxidant from Fish Waste. IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering , 991, Article 012062. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/991/1/012062
Melgosa, R., Trigueros, E., Sanz, M.T., Cardeira, M., Rodrigues, L., Fernández, N., et al . (2020) Supercritical CO 2 and Subcritical Water Technologies for the Production of Bioactive Extracts from Sardine ( Sardina pilchardus ) Waste. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids , 164, Article 104943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104943
Chongkhong, S. (2023) Optimisation of Ultrasound-Assisted Lipid Extraction in the Pretreatment of Purple-Spotted Bigeye Fish Skin. International Food Research Journal , 30, 668-682. https://doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.30.3.11
Liaset, B. and Espe, M. (2008) Nutritional Composition of Soluble and Insoluble Fractions Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fish-Raw Materials. Process Biochemistry , 43, 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2007.10.007
Yathisha, U.G., Vaidya, S. and Sheshappa, M.B. (2022) Functional Properties of Protein Hydrolyzate from Ribbon Fish ( Lepturacanthus savala ) as Prepared by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. International Journal of Food Properties , 25, 187-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2022.2027964
VV, R. (2013) Extraction of Proteins from Mackerel Fish Processing Waste Using Alcalase Enzyme. Journal of Bioprocessing & Biotechniques , 3, Article 1000130. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9821.1000130
Fonseca, R.A.S., Silva, C.B.M., Fernandes, G. and Prentice, C. (2016) Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cobia ( Rachycentron canadum ) Meat and Wastes Using Different Microbial Enzymes. International Food Research Journal , 23, 152-160.
Ovissipour, M., Abedian Kenari, A., Motamedzadegan, A. and Nazari, R.M. (2012) Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Visceral Waste Proteins of Yellowfin Tuna ( Thunnus albacares ). Food and Bioprocess Technology , 5, 696-705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0357-x
Parvathy, U., Zynudheen, A.A., Panda, S.K., Jeyakumari, A. and Anandan, R. (2016) Extraction of Protein from Yellowfin Tuna ( Thunnus albacares ) Waste by Enzymatic Hydrolysis and its Characterization. Fishery Technology , 53, 115-124.
Noman, A., Xu, Y., AL-Bukhaiti, W.Q., Abed, S.M., Ali, A.H., Ramadhan, A.H., et al . (2018) Influence of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Conditions on the Degree of Hydrolysis and Functional Properties of Protein Hydrolysate Obtained from Chinese Sturgeon ( Acipenser sinensis ) by Using Papain Enzyme. Process Biochemistry , 67, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.01.009
Nam, P.V., Van Hoa, N., Anh, T.T.L. and Trung, T.S. (2020) Towards Zero-Waste Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Catfish ( Pangasius hypophthalmus ) By-Products Using an Enzymatic Method. Waste and Biomass Valorization , 11, 4195-4206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00758-y
Benhabiles, M.S., Abdi, N., Drouiche, N., Lounici, H., Pauss, A., Goosen, M.F.A., et al . (2012) Fish Protein Hydrolysate Production from Sardine Solid Waste by Crude Pepsin Enzymatic Hydrolysis in a Bioreactor Coupled to an Ultrafiltration Unit. Materials Science and Engineering : C , 32, 922-928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.02.013
Mohanty, U., Majumdar, R.K., Mohanty, B., Mehta, N.K. and Parhi, J. (2021) Influence of the Extent of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on the Functional Properties of Protein Hydrolysates from Visceral Waste of Labeo Rohita. Journal of Food Science and Technology , 58, 4349-4358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04915-3
Duarte, J.G., Silva, L.L.S., Freire, D.M.G., Cammarota, M.C. and Gutarra, M.L.E. (2015) Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Fish Industry Effluent: Evaluation of the Mesophilic and Thermophilic Conditions. Renewable Energy , 83, 455-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.04.056
Bhaskar, N., Benila, T., Radha, C. and Lalitha, R.G. (2008) Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Visceral Waste Proteins of Catla ( Catla catla ) for Preparing Protein Hydrolysate Using a Commercial Protease. Bioresource Technology , 99, 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.015
Moreira, T.F.M., Pessoa, L.G.A., Seixas, F.A.V., Ineu, R.P., Gonçalves, O.H., Leimann, F.V., et al . (2022) Chemometric Evaluation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis in the Production of Fish Protein Hydrolysates with Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity. Food Chemistry , 367, Article 130728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130728
Silva, J.F.X., Ribeiro, K., Silva, J.F., Cahú, T.B. and Bezerra, R.S. (2014) Utilization of Tilapia Processing Waste for the Production of Fish Protein Hydrolysate. Animal Feed Science and Technology , 196, 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.06.010
Je, J., Qian, Z., Byun, H. and Kim, S. (2007) Purification and Characterization of an Antioxidant Peptide Obtained from Tuna Backbone Protein by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Process Biochemistry , 42, 840-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2007.02.006
Rai, A.K., Bhaskar, N. and Baskaran, V. (2014) Effect of Feeding Lipids Recovered from Fish Processing Waste by Lactic Acid Fermentation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Antioxidant and Membrane Bound Enzymes in Rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology , 52, 3701-3710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1442-3
Jafarpour, A., Gomes, R.M., Gregersen, S., Sloth, J.J., Jacobsen, C. and Moltke Sørensen, A. (2020) Characterization of Cod ( Gadus morhua ) Frame Composition and Its Valorization by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 89, Article 103469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103469
Martin, A.M. and Porter, D. (1995) Studies on the Hydrolysis of Fish Protein by Enzymatic Treatment. In: Developments in Food Science , Elsevier, 1395-1404. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4501(06)80241-4
Vázquez, J., Blanco, M., Massa, A., Amado, I. and Pérez-Martín, R. (2017) Production of Fish Protein Hydrolysates from Scyliorhinus canicula Discards with Antihypertensive and Antioxidant Activities by Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Mathematical Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. Marine Drugs , 15, Article 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/md15100306
Fallah, M., Bahram, S. and Javadian, S.R. (2015) Fish Peptone Development Using Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Silver Carp By‐Products as a Nitrogen Source in Staphylococcus aureus Media. Food Science & Nutrition , 3, 153-157. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.198
Hathwar, S.C., Bijinu, B., Rai, A.K. and Narayan, B. (2011) Simultaneous Recovery of Lipids and Proteins by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fish Industry Waste Using Different Commercial Proteases. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology , 164, 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-010-9119-5
Dong, Y., Yan, W., Zhang, X., Dai, Z. and Zhang, Y. (2021) Steam Explosion-Assisted Extraction of Protein from Fish Backbones and Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on the Extracts. Foods , 10, Article 1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081942
Vázquez, J.A., Fraguas, J., Mirón, J., Valcárcel, J., Pérez-Martín, R.I. and Antelo, L.T. (2020) Valorisation of Fish Discards Assisted by Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Microbial Bioconversion: Lab and Pilot Plant Studies and Preliminary Sustainability Evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production , 246, Article 119027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119027
Motta, J.F.G., de Freitas, B.C.B., de Almeida, A.F., de Souza Martins, G.A. and Borges, S.V. (2023) Use of Enzymes in the Food Industry: A Review. Food Science and Technology , 43, e106222. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.106222
Liu, Y., Ramakrishnan, V.V. and Dave, D. (2021) Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Farmed Atlantic Salmon By-Products: Investigation of Operational Parameters on Extracted Oil Yield and Quality. Process Biochemistry , 100, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.019
Wisuthiphaet, N., Klinchan, S. and Kongruang, S. (2016) Fish Protein Hydrolysate Production by Acid and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. King Mongkut ’ s University of Technology North Bangkok International Journal of Applied Science and Technology , 9, 261-27. https://doi.org/10.14416/j.ijast.2016.11.004
Himonides, A.T., Taylor, A.K.D. and Morris, A.J. (2011) A Study of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fish Frames Using Model Systems. Food and Nutrition Sciences , 02, 575-585. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2011.26081
Peinado, I., Koutsidis, G. and Ames, J. (2016) Production of Seafood Flavour Formulations from Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Fish By-Products. LWT - Food Science and Technology , 66, 444-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.09.025
Zhang, Y., Tu, D., Shen, Q. and Dai, Z. (2019) Fish Scale Valorization by Hydrothermal Pretreatment Followed by Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Gelatin Hydrolysate Production. Molecules , 24, Article 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162998
Šližyte, R., Daukšas, E., Falch, E., Storrø, I. and Rustad, T. (2005) Yield and Composition of Different Fractions Obtained after Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cod ( Gadus morhua ) By-Products. Process Biochemistry , 40, 1415-1424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.06.033
Araujo, J., Sica, P., Costa, C. and Márquez, M.C. (2021) Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fish Waste as an Alternative to Produce High Value-Added Products. Waste and Biomass Valorization , 12, 847-855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01029-x
Fraterrigo Garofalo, S., Cavallini, N., Demichelis, F., Savorani, F., Mancini, G., Fino, D., et al . (2023) From Tuna Viscera to Added-Value Products: A Circular Approach for Fish-Waste Recovery by Green Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Food and Bioproducts Processing , 137, 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2022.11.006
Zhang, Y., Sun, Q., Liu, S., Wei, S., Xia, Q., Ji, H., et al . (2021) Extraction of Fish Oil from Fish Heads Using Ultra-High Pressure Pre-Treatment Prior to Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies , 70, Article 102670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102670
Gildberg, A. and Stenberg, E. (2001) A New Process for Advanced Utilisation of Shrimp Waste. Process Biochemistry , 36, 809-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(00)00278-8
Hemker, A.K., Nguyen, L.T., Karwe, M. and Salvi, D. (2020) Effects of Pressure-Assisted Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Functional and Bioactive Properties of Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) By-Product Protein Hydrolysates. LWT , 122, Article 109003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.109003
Sapatinha, M., Camacho, C., Pais-Costa, A.J., Fernando, A.L., Marques, A. and Pires, C. (2024) Enzymatic Hydrolysis Systems Enhance the Efficiency and Biological Properties of Hydrolysates from Frozen Fish Processing Co-products. Marine Drugs , 23, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23010014
Utomo, B.S.B., Suryanigrum, T.D. and Harianto, H.R. (2014) Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH) Processing from Waste of Catfish Fillet Production. Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology , 9, Article 115. https://doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v9i3.79
Wisuthiphaet, N., Kongruang, S. and Chamcheun, C. (2015) Production of Fish Protein Hydrolysates by Acid and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Journal of Medical and Bioengineering , 4, 466-470. https://doi.org/10.12720/jomb.4.6.466-470
Nilsang, S., Lertsiri, S., Suphantharika, M. and Assavanig, A. (2005) Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fish Soluble Concentrate by Commercial Proteases. Journal of Food Engineering , 70, 571-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.10.011
Majluf, P., Matthews, K., Pauly, D., Skerritt, D.J. and Palomares, M.L.D. (2024) A Review of the Global Use of Fishmeal and Fish Oil and the Fish In:fish Out Metric. Scie nce Advances , 10, eadn5650. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn5650
Sales, J. (2003) Nutrient Requirements of Ornamental Fish. Aquatic Living Resources , 16, 533-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquliv.2003.06.001
Espe, M., Lemme, A., Petri, A. and El-Mowafi, A. (2007) Assessment of Lysine Requirement for Maximal Protein Accretion in Atlantic Salmon Using Plant Protein Diets. Aquaculture , 263, 168-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.10.018
Refstie, S., Olli, J.J. and Standal, H. (2004) Feed Intake, Growth, and Protein Utilisation by Post-Smolt Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) in Response to Graded Levels of Fish Protein Hydrolysate in the Diet. Aquaculture , 239, 331-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.06.015
Fan, Z., Wu, D., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Cui, Z., Li, T., et al . (2022) Assessment of Fish Protein Hydrolysates in Juvenile Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) Diets: Effect on Growth, Intestinal Antioxidant Status, Immunity, and Microflora. Frontiers in Nutrition , 9, Article ID: 816341. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.816341
Khosravi, S., Bui, H.T.D., Rahimnejad, S., Herault, M., Fournier, V., Kim, S., et al . (2015) Dietary Supplementation of Marine Protein Hydrolysates in Fish-Meal Based Diets for Red Sea Bream ( Pagrus major ) and Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ). Aquaculture , 435, 371-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.10.019
Zheng, K., Liang, M., Yao, H., Wang, J. and Chang, Q. (2011) Effect of Dietary Fish Protein Hydrolysate on Growth, Feed Utilization and IGF-I Levels of Japanese Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ). Aquaculture Nutrition , 18, 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00896.x
Da Silva, T.C., Rocha, J.D.M., Moreira, P., Signor, A. and Boscolo, W.R. (2017) Fish Protein Hydrolysate in Diets for Nile Tilapia Post-Larvae. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , 52, 485-492. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000700002
Swanepoel, J.C. and Goosen, N.J. (2018) Evaluation of Fish Protein Hydrolysates in Juvenile African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) Diets. Aquaculture , 496, 262-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.084
Xu, H., Mu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Liang, M., Zheng, K., et al . (2016) Graded Levels of Fish Protein Hydrolysate in High Plant Diets for Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ): Effects on Growth Performance and Lipid Accumulation. Aquaculture , 454, 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.006
Siddik, M.A.B., Pham, H.D., Francis, D.S., Vo, B.V. and Shahjahan, M. (2021) Dietary Supplementation of Fish Protein Hydrolysate in High Plant Protein Diets Modulates Growth, Liver and Kidney Health, and Immunity of Barramundi ( Lates calcarifer ). Aquaculture Nutrition , 27, 86-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13404
Gildberg, A., Johansen, A. and Bøgwald, J. (1995) Growth and Survival of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Fry Given Diets Supplemented with Fish Protein Hydrolysate and Lactic Acid Bacteria during a Challenge Trial with Aeromonas Salmonicida. Aquaculture , 138, 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01144-7
Kabir, M.A., Nandi, S.K., Suma, A.Y., Abdul Kari, Z., Mohamad Sukri, S.A., Wei, L.S., et al . (2024) The Potential of Fish Protein Hydrolysate Supplementation in Nile Tilapia Diets: Effects on Growth and Health Performance, Disease Resistance, and Farm Economic Analysis. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology , 196, 7145-7167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-04913-7
Sánchez-Velázquez, J., Peña-Herrejón, G.A. and Aguirre-Becerra, H. (2024) Fish Responses to Alternative Feeding Ingredients under Abiotic Chronic Stress. Animals , 14, Article 765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050765
Zheng, K., Liang, M., Yao, H., Wang, J. and Chang, Q. (2012) Effect of Size-Fractionated Fish Protein Hydrolysate on Growth and Feed Utilization of Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus l.). Aquaculture Research , 44, 895-902. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03094.x
Zheng, K., Xu, T., Qian, C., Liang, M. and Wang, X. (2013) Effect of Low Molecular Weight Fish Protein Hydrolysate on Growth Performance and IGF-I Expression in Japanese Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) Fed High Plant Protein Diets. Aquaculture Nutrition , 20, 372-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12090
Egerton, S., Wan, A., Murphy, K., Collins, F., Ahern, G., Sugrue, I., et al . (2020) Replacing Fishmeal with Plant Protein in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) Diets by Supplementation with Fish Protein Hydrolysate. Scientific Reports , 10, Article No. 4194. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60325-7
Tang, H., Wu, T., Zhao, Z. and Pan, X. (2008) Effects of Fish Protein Hydrolysate on Growth Performance and Humoral Immune Response in Large Yellow Croaker ( Pseudosciaena crocea R.). Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B , 9, 684-690. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.b0820088
Wei, Y., Liang, M., Mu, Y., Zheng, K. and Xu, H. (2015) The Effect of Ultrafiltered Fish Protein Hydrolysate Level on Growth Performance, Protein Digestibility and Mrna Expression of Pept1 in Juvenile Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus l.). Aquaculture Nutrition , 22, 1006-1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12319
Nobile, V., Duclos, E., Michelotti, A., Bizzaro, G., Negro, M. and Soisson, F. (2016) Supplementation with a Fish Protein Hydrolysate ( Micromesistius poutassou ): Effects on Body Weight, Body Composition, and CCK/GLP-1 Secretion. Food & Nutrition Research , 60, Article 29857. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v60.29857
De Oliveira, G.V., Volino-Souza, M., Cordeiro, E.M., Conte-Junior, C.A. and Alvares, T.S. (2019) Effects of Fish Protein Hydrolysate Ingestion on Endothelial Function Compared to Whey Protein Hydrolysate in Humans. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition , 71, 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637486.2019.1635090
Baco, N., Oslan, S.N.H., Shapawi, R., Mohhtar, R.A.M., Noordin, W.N.M. and Huda, N. (2022) Antibacterial Activity of Functional Bioactive Peptides Derived from Fish Protein Hydrolysate. IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science , 967, Article 012019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012019
Chalamaiah, M., Keskin Ulug, S., Hong, H. and Wu, J. (2019) Regulatory Requirements of Bioactive Peptides ( Protein hydrolysates ) from Food Proteins. Journal of Functional Foods , 58, 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.050
Ng, W., Wong, F., Abd Manan, F., Chow, Y., Ooi, A., Ong, M., et al . (2024) Antioxidant Peptides and Protein Hydrolysates from Tilapia: Cellular and in Vivo Evidences for Human Health Benefits. Foods , 13, Article 2945. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13182945
Moya Moreira, T.F., Gonçalves, O.H., Leimann, F.V. and Ribeiro, R.P. (2023) Fish Protein Hydrolysates: Bioactive Properties, Encapsulation and New Technologies for Enhancing Peptides Bioavailability. Current Pharmaceutical Design , 29, 824-836. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612829666230110141811
Alvares, T.S., Conte-Junior, C.A., Pierucci, A.P., de Oliveira, G.V. and Cordeiro, E.M. (2018) Acute Effect of Fish Protein Hydrolysate Supplementation on Vascular Function in Healthy Individuals. Journal of Functional Foods , 46, 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.066
He, S., Franco, C. and Zhang, W. (2015) Fish Protein Hydrolysates: Application in Deep‐Fried Food and Food Safety Analysis. Journal of Food Science , 80, E108-E115. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12684
Herpandi, N.H., Rosma, A. and Wan Nadiah, W.A. (2011) The Tuna Fishing Industry: A New Outlook on Fish Protein Hydrolysates. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety , 10, 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00155.x
Ahn, C., Je, J. and Cho, Y. (2012) Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Peptide Fraction from Salmon Byproduct Protein Hydrolysates by Peptic Hydrolysis. Food Research International , 49, 92-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.08.002
Kandyliari, A., Golla, J.P., Chen, Y., Papandroulakis, N., Kapsokefalou, M. and Vasiliou, V. (2020) Antiproliferative Activity of Protein Hydrolysates Derived from Fish By-Products on Human Colon and Breast Cancer Cells. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , 79, E282. https://doi.org/10.1017/s002966512000230x
Honrado, A., Miguel, M., Ardila, P., Beltrán, J.A. and Calanche, J.B. (2024) From Waste to Value: Fish Protein Hydrolysates as a Technological and Functional Ingredient in Human Nutrition. Foods , 13, Article 3120. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193120
Da Silva, M.S., Bigo, C., Barbier, O. and Rudkowska, I. (2017) Whey Protein Hydrolysate and Branched-Chain Amino Acids Downregulate Inflammation-Related Genes in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Nutrition Research , 38, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2017.01.005
Dai, W., Zhan, X., Peng, W., Liu, X., Peng, W., Mei, Q., et al . (2021) Ficus pandurata Hance Inhibits Ulcerative Colitis and Colitis‐associated Secondary Liver Damage of Mice by Enhancing Antioxidation Activity. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity , 2021, Article ID: 2617881. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2617881
Rizzello, C.G., Tagliazucchi, D., Babini, E., Sefora Rutella, G., Taneyo Saa, D.L. and Gianotti, A. (2016) Bioactive Peptides from Vegetable Food Matrices: Research Trends and Novel Biotechnologies for Synthesis and Recovery. Journal of Functional Foods , 27, 549-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.023
Cruz-Casas, D.E., Aguilar, C.N., Ascacio-Valdés, J.A., Rodríguez-Herrera, R., Chávez-González, M.L. and Flores-Gallegos, A.C. (2021) Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Microbial Fermentation: The Most Favorable Biotechnological Methods for the Release of Bioactive Peptides. Food Chemistry : Molecular Sciences , 3, Article 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100047
Oceana (2021) Fishmeal. Oceana USA. https://usa.oceana.org/fishmeal/
Caruso, G., Floris, R., Serangeli, C. and Di Paola, L. (2020) Fishery Wastes as a Yet Undiscovered Treasure from the Sea: Biomolecules Sources, Extraction Methods and Valorization. Marine Drugs , 18, Article 622. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18120622
Bhati, D. and Hayes, M. (2025) From Ocean to Market: Technical Applications of Fish Protein Hydrolysates in Human Functional Food, Pet Wellness, Aquaculture and Agricultural Bio-Stimulant Product Sectors. Applied Sciences , 15, Article 5769. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105769