Protective Activity of Camel’s Milk and Urine Mixture (<i>Camelus dromedaries</i>) against Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Protective Activity of Camel’s Milk and Urine Mixture (<i>Camelus dromedaries</i>) against Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
Department of Preventive Medicine and Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif, Al Gadarif, Sudan
,
CIRAD-ES, Campus International de Baillarguet TA C/dir B, Montpellier, France
,
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
1 Department of Preventive Medicine and Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Gadarif, Al Gadarif, Sudan
2 CIRAD-ES, Campus International de Baillarguet TA C/dir B, Montpellier, France
3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
This study was implemented at the University of Khartoum to investigate the protective effect of camel milk mixed with camel urine against alcohol - induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats. The reasons for combining camel milk and urine together are because that in Sudan this combination is used extensively in traditional medicine and they claimed that this combination cure s a lot of diseases including liver disease and jaundice; 25 Wister Albino rats of both sexes were brought and divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (control group) received normal saline, group 2 received ethanol 10% at dose of (0.5 g/100g body weight) and group 3 rats received Silymarin (5 mg/100g body weight) plus ethanol 10% (0.5 g/100g). Group 4 received a mixture of camel milk and urine (1:1) at the rate of 2 ml/100g and group 5 rats were administered with the mixture of camel’s milk and urine as in group 4 plus ethanol 10% (0.5 g/100g). All treatments given by an oral intubation, experiment lasts for 28 days, rats were euthanized, serum samples and liver sections obtained. Oral administration of 10% ethanol (0.5 g/100g) induced liver damage which was clear in group 2 in a form of generalized necrosis, fatty change and congestion, beside high elevation of serum enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP). Giving camel’s milk and urine mixture to group 5 with ethanol 10% (0.5 g/100g), resulted in significant reduction of levels of serum enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) and in stabilization of serum metabolites (total protein, albumin and bilirubin) . The degree of reduction w as lower when significantly compared to (Silymarin + ethanol) group, and all results were verified by the histopathological changes. Hepatoprotective effects of camel’s milk and urine mixture were recorded and this could be attributed to antioxidant activity or to its chelat e effects on toxicants. Drinking raw camel milk and urine mixture , it was used extensively in traditional medicine in Sudan and it was found safe without any ill effect.
KeywordsCamel Milk and UrineEthanolHepatoprotectionRats
Sarkar, M.K., Sarkar, K., Bhattacharjee, R., Chatterjee, M. and Sil, P.C. (2005) Curative Role of the Aqueous Extract of the Herb, Phyllanthus niruri, against Nimesulide Induced Oxidative Stress in Murine Liver. Biomedical Research, 16, 171-176.
Mandayam, S., Jamal, M.M. and Morgan, T.R. (2004) Epidemiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Seminars in Liver Disease Journal, 24, 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-832936
Sandy, O. and Ben, H.C. (1998) The Effects of Glutathione Glycoside in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Cell Necrosis. Experimental and Molecular Pathology Journal, 65, 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1006/exmp.1998.2221
Zakhari, S. and Li, T.K. (2007) Determinants of Alcohol Use and Abuse: Impact of Quantity and Frequency Patterns on Liver Disease. Hepatology Journal, 46, 2032-2039. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22010
Lu, Y. and Cederbaum, A.I. (2008) CYP2E1 and Oxidative Liver Injury by Alcohol. Free Radical Biology and Medicine Journal, 44, 723-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.004
Lee, C.H., Park, S.W., Kim, Y.S., Kang, S.S., Kim, J.A., Lee, S.H. and lee, S.M. (2007) Protective Mechanism of Glycyrrhizin on Acute Liver Injury Induced by Carbon Tetra Chloride in Mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin Journal, 30, 1898-1904. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.30.1898
Chattopadhyay, R.R. (2003) Possible Mechanism of Hepatoprotective Activity of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract: Part II. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89, 217-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.08.006
Adewusi, E.A. and Afolayan, A.J. (2010) A Review of Natural Products with Hepatoprotective Activity. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4, 1318-1334.
Shabo, Y., Barzel, R., Margoulis, M. and Yagil R. (2005) Camel Milk for Food Allergies in Children. Israel Medical Association Journal, 7, 796-259.
Redwan, R.M. and Tabll, A. (2007) Camel Lactoferrin Markedly Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 4 Infection of Human Peripheral Blood Leucocytes. Journal of Immunoassay Immunochemistry, 28, 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/15321810701454839
Haddad, G.F. (2006) Camel’s Milk and Urine Hadiths.
AL-Hashem, F. (2009) Camel Milk Protects against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Toxicity in the Liver and Kidney of White Albino Rats. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 5, 98-108. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2009.98.108
EL-Elyani, R.A. and Khalifa, S.A.M. (2006) Histological Studies on the Effect of Camel’s Urine and Milk on Stomach of Albino Mice. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 13, 2.
Young, D.S. (1990) Effects of Drugs on Clinical Laboratory Tests. 3rd Edition, AACC Press, Washington DC, 6-12.
Stein, E.A. (1986) Text Book of Clinical Chemistry. Tietz, N.W., Ed., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 879-886.
Mendenhall, W. (1971) Introduction to Probability and Statistics. 3rd Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California, 35-38.
Yoo, J.-H., Kang, K., Yun, J.H., Kim, M.A. and Nho, C.W. (2014) Crepidiastrum denticulatum Extract Protects the Liver against Chronic Alcohol-Induced Damage and Fat Accumulation in Rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 17, 432-438. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.2799
Rajakrishnan, V. and Menon, V.P. (2001) Potential Role of Antioxidants during Ethanol Induced Changes in the Fatty Acid Composition and Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in Male Wistar Rats. Cell Biology and Toxicology Journal, 17, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010998929785
Das, D., Mukherjee, M.M., Das, A.S. and Mitra, C. (2005) Aqueous Extract of Black Tea Camellia sinensis Prevents Chronic Ethanol Toxicity. Current Science Journal, 88, 952-961.
Ahmed, B., Alam, T., Varshney, M. and Khan, S.A. (2002) Hepatoprotective Activity of Tow Plants Belonging to the Apiaceae and the Euphorbiaceae Family. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79, 313-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00392-0
Khan, A.A. and Alzohairy, M.A. (2011) Hepatoprotective Effects of Camel Milk against CCL4 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, 6, 171-180. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajb.2011.171.180
Darwish, H.A., Abd Raboh, N.R. and Mahdy, A. (2012) Camel’s Milk Alleviates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50, 1377-1383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.01.016
Korish, A. and Arafah, M. (2013) Camel Milk Ameliorates Steatohepatitis, Insulin Resistance and Lipid Peroxidation in Experimental Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13, 264-276. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-264
Elhag, A.E., El Badwi, S.M.A. and Mustafa, A.B. (2016) Hepatoprotective Effect of Urine of One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) against Ethanol Induced Liver Damage in Rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 5, 1-8.
Kumar, S.S., Kumar, B.R. and Mohan, G.K. (2009) Hepatoprotective Effect of Trichosanthes cucumerina Var cucumerina L. on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 123, 347-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.023
Shen, X., Tang, Y., Yang, R., Yu, L., Fang, T. and Duan, J.A. (2009) The Protective Effect of Zizyphus jujube Fruit on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice by Anti-Oxidant Activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 122, 555-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.027
Elhag, R.A.M., El Badwi, S.M.A., Bakhiet, A.O. and Galal, M. (2011) Hepatoprotective Activity of Solanum nigrum Extracts on Chemically Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 3, 45-50
Ali, S.A.M., El Badwi, S.M.A., Idris, T.M. and Osman, K.M. (2011). Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Extract of Khaya senegalensis Bark in Rats. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5, 5863-5866.
El Badwi, S.M.A., El Bagir, N.M. and Amin, A.E. (2013) Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Tamarindus indica against CCl4 Induced Liver Damage in Rats. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7, 813-818.
Mohamed, H.S.A.A., Abdelgadir, W.S. and El Badwi, S.M.A. (2015) Hepatoprotective Activity of the Ethanol Extract of Cassia obtusifolia Seeds Against Paracetamol-Induced Liver Damage in Rats. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 1, 277-289.
Cuciureanu, M., Caruntu, I.D., Paduraru, O., Stoica, B., Jerca, L., Crauciuc, E. and Nechifor, M. (2009) The Protective Effect of Montelukast sodium on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatopathy in Rats. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 88, 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.10.004
Zhang, H., Yao, J., Zhao, D., Liu, H., Li, J. and Guo, M. (2005) Changes in Chemical Composition of Alxa Bactrian Camel Milk during Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 3402-3410. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73024-1
AL-Humaid, A.I., Mousa, H.M., El-Mergawi, R.A. and Abdel-Salam, A.M. (2010) Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Dates and Camel Milk Mixtures as a Protective Meal against Lipid Peroxidation in Rats. American Journal of Food Technology, 5, 98-108. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2010.22.30
Knoess, K.H. (1979) Milk Production of the Dromedary. Proceeding of the IFS Symposium on Camels, Khartoum, 18-20 December 1979, 201-214.
Al-Yousef, N., Gaafar, A., Al-Otaibi, B., Al-Jammaz, I., Al-Hussein, K. and Aboussekhra, A. (2012) Camel Urine Components Display Anti-Cancer Properties in Vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143, 819-825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.042
Alhaider, A.A., Abdel Gader, A.M. and Mousa, S.A. (2011) The Antiplateletive Properties of Camel Urine. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17, 803e808.
Alhaider, A.A., Abel Gader, A.G.M., Almeshal, N. and Saraswati, S. (2014) Camel Urine Inhibits Inflammatory Angiogenesis in Murine Sponge Implant Angiogenesis Model. Biomed Aging Pathology, 4, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomag.2013.10.003
Alhaider, A.A., El Gendy, M.A., Korashy, H.M. and El-Kadi, A.O. (2011) Camel Urine Inhibits the Cytochrome P450 1a1 Gene Expression through an AhR-Dependent Mechanism in Hepa 1c1c7 Cell Line. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133, 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.012