The impacts of Ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the human body ha ve received increased attention in previous years. The impacts are comprised of a series of illnesses, burns, and modifications in the genetic structures. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify the effect of sunscreens on yeast to prevent ultraviolet damage. The study uses two sunscreens with different sun protection factors to show how they differently protect the cells from the wrath of UV light. The experiment involves the use of yeast as the test organism since yeast has DNA that is used for reproduction by budding. UV light affects the growth of the bacteria and the limiting factor with the sunscreens. Six Petri dishes with agar were inoculated with yeast solution and put under different conditions and the growth results will be obtained. The experiment also showed how different clothes protect human from the UV radiations.
Barahona, S., Yuivar, Y., Socias, G., Alcaíno, J., Cifuentes, V. and Baeza, M. (2016) Identification and Characterization of Yeasts Isolated from Sedimentary Rocks of Union Glacier at the Antarctica. Extremophiles, 4, 479-491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-016-0838-6
Mesías, L.G.G., Qwisgaard, A.M.R., Untivero, G.P.C., Kobayashi, L.A.P., Shimabukuro, L.E.M. and Sugahara, A.A.K. (2017) Comparison of the Photoprotective Effects of Sunscreens Using Spectrophotometric Measurements or the Survivability of Yeast Cells Exposed to UV Radiation. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú, 83, 294-307. https://doi.org/10.37761/rsqp.v83i3.113
Shawn Xu, X.Z. and Liu, J.F. (2019) Compositions and Methods for Blocking Ultraviolet Radiation. Michigan University, USA Patent US 2019/0336430 A1, 7 Nov. 2019.
Rosenthal, L. and Burchum, J. (2017) Lehne’s Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Providers. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Sudhahar, V. and Balasubramanian, V. (2013) Sun Production Factor (SPF) Determination of Marketed Sunscreen Formulation by In-Vitro Method Using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. Archives of Applied Science Research, 5, 119-122.
Green, A.C., Williams, G.M., Logan, V. and Strutton, G.M. (2011) Reduced Melanoma after Regular Sunscreen Use: Randomized Trial Follow-Up. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29, 257-263. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.28.7078
Ghiasvand, R., Weiderpass, E., Green, A.C., Lund, E. and Veierod, M.B. (2016) Sunscreen Use and Subsequent Melanoma Risk: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 34, 3976-3983. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.67.5934
Stiefel, C. and Schwack, W. (2015) Photoprotection in Changing Times—UV Filter Efficacy and Safety, Sensitization Processes and Regulatory Aspects. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 37, 2-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12165
Waldman, R.A. and Grant-Kels, J.M. (2019) The Role of Sunscreen in the Prevention of Cutaneous Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 80, 574-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.06.069
Kowalski, W. (2010) Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook: UVGI for Air and Surface Disinfection, Madison Ave. Springer Science & Business Media, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01999-9
Goodman, C.C. and Fuller, K.S. (2014) Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. 4th Edition, Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam, 1800.
Jansen, R., Osterwalder, U., Wang, S.Q., Burnett, M. and Lim, H.W. (2013) Photoprotection: Part II. Sunscreen: Development, Efficacy, and Controversies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 69, 867-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.08.022
Hacker, E., Horsham, C., Ford, H., Hartel, G., Olsen, C.M., Pandeya, N. and Janda, M. (2019) UV Detection Stickers Can Assist People to Reapply Sunscreen. Preventive Medicine, 124, 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.005
Mazzarello, V., Ferrari, M., Piu, G., Pomponi, V. and Solinas, G. (2019) Do Sunscreen Prevent Recurrent Herpes Labialis in Summer? Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 30, 179-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2018.1481921
Petersen, B. and Wulf, H.C. (2014) Application of Sunscreen—Theory and Reality. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 30, 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12099
Smaoui, S., Hlima, H.B., Chobba, I.B. and Kadri, A. (2017) Development and Stability Studies of Sunscreen Cream Formulations Containing Three Photo-Protective Filters. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S1216-S1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.020
da Silva, A.C.P., Paiva, J.P., Diniz, R.R., Dos Anjos, V.M., Silva, A.B.S.M., Pinto, A.V., Dos Santos, E.P., et al. (2019) Photoprotection Assessment of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Leaves Extract Standardized to Oleuropein: In Vitro and in Silico Approach for Improved Sunscreens. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 193, 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.03.003
Bereketoglu, C. (2017) Investigation of the Effects of Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol on the Transcriptional Profiles of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Genome. Marmara University, Istanbul.
Yang, G., Cozad, M.A., Holland, D.A., Zhang, Y., Luesch, H. and Ding, Y.S. (2018) Photosynthetic Production of Sunscreen Shinorine Using an Engineered Cyanobacterium. ACS Synthetic Biology, 7, 664-671. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.7b00397
Kumar, D., Karthik, L., Kumar, G. and Roa, K.B. (2011) Biosynthesis of Silver Anoparticles from Marine Yeast and Their Antimicrobial Activity against Multidrug Resistant Pathogens. Pharmacologyonline, 3, 1100-1111.
Libkind, D., Moliné, M., Trochine, A., Bellora, N. and de Garcia, V. (2016) Biotechnologically Relevant Yeasts from Patagonian Natural Environments. In: Biology and Biotechnology of Patagonian Microorganisms, Springer, Cham, 325-351. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42801-7_18
Marrot, L., Labarussiat, A., Perez, P. and Meunier, J.R. (2006) Use of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Pre-Screening Approach for Assessment of Chemical-Induced Phototoxicity. Toxicology in Vitro, 20, 1040-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2006.01.008
Kim, S. and Choi, K. (2014) Occurrences, Toxicities, and Ecological Risks of Benzophenone-3, a Common Component of Organic Sunscreen Products: A Mini-Review. Environment International, 1, 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.015
Geoffrey, K., Mwangi, A.N. and Maru, S.M. (2019) Sunscreen Products: Rationale for Use, Formulation Development and Regulatory Considerations. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal: SPJ: The Official Publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 27, 1009-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2019.08.003
Diniz, R.R., Paiva, J.P., Aquino, R.M., Goncalves, T.C.W., Leitao, A.C., Santos, B.A.M.C., Pinto, A.V., Leandro, K.C. and de Pádula, M. (2019) Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains as Bioindicators for Titanium Dioxide Sunscreen Photoprotective and Photomutagenic Assessment. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 198, Article ID: 111584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111584