Spatio-Temporal Variability of Lightning, Thunderstorm and Rainfall Occurrences over Nigeria during MAM Season

Abstract

Lightning (LTG) and thunderstorms (TS) are a significant weather phenomenon in Nigeria, with crucial impacts on local climates, agriculture, energy, and transportation. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of lightning and thunderstorm activities in Nigeria by assessing the performance of Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data and the data from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) over time and spatial scales. The study spans four years, from 2020 to 2023. A comprehensive analysis of 37 stations across Nigeria, representing different climatic zones, was conducted for the study. Monthly totals were aggregated to form seasonal datasets for each station, enabling the examination of seasonal variability. The coefficient of correlation was computed, and the use of GIS technology and heat maps provided a visual representation of spatial variations in thunderstorm activities, facilitating the identification of areas with high thunderstorm frequencies. TS activity is more frequent in areas between Lat 4˚N and Lat 8˚N than areas between Lat 8˚N and 14˚N, including a strong correlation between WWLLN and NIMET data. The findings further substantiate that 2022 was a significant flood year in Nigeria, with the Yenagoa station experiencing the most severe impact. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on thunderstorm activities in Nigeria, providing insights into the spatial and temporal variability of lightning and thunderstorms. The findings have significant implications for climate resilience strategies, early warning systems, and public awareness in Nigeria, highlighting the need for continued research and monitoring of lightning and thunderstorm activities in the context of climate change.