Livestock rearing is one of the major occupations in India and is making significant contribution to the country GDP. The regional and seasonal variations in the teperature and rainfall distribution have been the major factors influencing the economy of a region. It is a matter of serious concern that out of 11 districts of central India, 9 districts are showing increasing trend in maximum temperature with a rate of 0.01 ° C to 0.15 ° C/year. A significant long-term decreasing trend (Slope = -4.26) was found in annual rainfall series at Jhansi. At Jhansi, moderate to severe drought occurs once in five years. But in the last decade, 7 years experienced moderate to disastrous drought in Jhansi region, wherein rainfall deficiency ranged between 40% and 60% from normal value. Of special mention was the year, 2006, which experienced a worst drought ever recorded for this region. Studies related to crop simulation model was carried out for fodder sorghum and its application for agronomic management and assessing the impact of climate change. Crop modeling studies on forage sorghum (C 4 ) and cowpea (C 3 ) showed increased dry matter biomass by 3% in sorghum but more prominent in cowpea by 46% under elevated CO 2 from 330 ppm to 770 ppm. The interaction study of enhanced CO 2 and temperature showed prominent negative impact on yields of both the crops. Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient (K c ) of several fodder crops i . e. berseem, lucerne, oat, sorghum, teosinte, maize + cowpea, guinea + berseem were worked out. In berseem, the highest K c (1.81) was found during 2 nd cutting followed by 3 rd and 4 th cuts. Estimates on irrigation scheduling for the guinea grass + berseem showed that the cropping system requires 7 irrigations at an interval ranging from 13 to 30 days to fulfill the 567.6 mm of water per season as net irrigation under mar soil (black) type whose actual water holding capacity (AWHC) is 175 mm. Similarly, if the cropping system is grown under kabar (AHWC = 140 mm) soil, then it requires nine irrigation with a total water requirement of 591.5 mm at an interval ranging from 10 to 24 days. For integrated pest management (IPM) scheme of lucerne, degree day based model was developed to monitor the lucerne weevil population in central region.
S. K. Rai and J. L. Chaudhary, “Regional Scale Climatic Variation and Their Impact on Agricultural Productivity in the Sub Humid Region,” Indian Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1997, pp. 45-51.
S. K. Rai and J. L. Chaudhary, “Trends and Periodicity of Temperature Anomaly of Raipur District for Crop Planning,” Indian Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1997, pp. 17-25.
M. C. Varshneya and P. B. Pillai, “Textbook of Agricultural Meteorology,” DIPA, ICAR, New Delhi, 2003.
P. K. Aggarawal, “Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation,” Indian Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 78, No. 11, 2008, pp. 911-919.
G. Fischer, M. Shah and H. van Velthuizen, “Climate Change and Agricultural Vulnerability,” Institute for Applied System Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 2002.
M. L. Parry, C. Iglesias Rosenzweigh, A. M. Livermore and G. Fischer, “Effects of Climate Change on Global Food Production under SRES Emissions and Socioeconomic Scenarios,” Global Environmental Change, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2004, pp. 53-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.008
A. B. Maunder, “Objectives and Approaches to Grain and Forage Sorghum Improvements in the Americas: In Sorghum in Seventies,” Oxford and IBH Pub., Co., London, 1972, pp. 60-100.
W. H. Leonard and J. H. Martin, “Cereal Crops,” Macmillan and Co., London, 1963, pp. 449-603.
J. R. Quinby, N. W. Kramer, J. C. Stephens, K. A. Lahr and R. E. Karper, “Grain Production in Texas,” Bull, Vol. 912, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1958.
R. V. Stoffer and G. E. Van Ripper, “Effect of Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture on the Physiology of Sorghum,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 55, No. 5, 1963, pp. 447-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj 1963.00021962005500050011x
F. R. Miller, D. K. Barnes and H. J. Cruzado, “Effect of Tropical Photoperiod on the Growth of Sorghum in 12 Monthly Plantings,” Crop Science, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1968, pp. 499-502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/ cropsci1968.0011183X000800040032x
O. H. Coleman and B. A. Belcher, “Some Responses of Sorghum to Short Photoperiod and Variations in Temperature,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1952, pp. 35-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj 1952.00021962004400010010x
R. E. Nield and M. W. Seely, “Growing Degree Day Predictions for Corn and Sorghum Development and Some Application Crop Production in Neberaska,” Res. Bull., Vol. 280, Agricultural Experiment Station, 1977.
Validation
Calibiration
Sensitivity Analysis
Climate Risk Management
Evapotranspiration
Crop Coefficient
Degree-Day Model and Growth Models
M. E. Sorrells and S. R. Simons, “Influence of the Environment on the Development and Adaptation of Oat,” In: H. G. Marshall and M. E. Sorrells, Eds., Oat Science and Technology, The American Society of Agronomy, Wisconsin, 1992, pp. 115-163.
G. Loskutov Igor, “Influence of Vernalization and Photoperiod to the Vegetation Period of Wild Species of Oats (Avena spp.),” Euphytica, Vol. 117, No. 2, 2001, pp. 125-131. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1023/A:1004073904939
J. B. Singh, P. Behari and S. K. Rai, “Seasonal Variability in Evaporation and Bright Sunshine in a Semi-Arid Region,” Range Management and Agroforestry, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2007, pp. 122-123.
S. K. Rai, P. Behari, J. B. Singh and R. K. Agrawal, “Rainfall Probability and Water Balance in Relation to Agriculture in Jhansi,” Range Management and Agroforestry, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2007, pp. 120-121.
S. K. Rai, P. Behari, Satyapriya, A. K. Rai and R. K. Agrawal, “Long Term Trends in Rainfall and Its Probability for Crop Planning in Two Districts of Bundelkhand Region,” Journal of Agro Meteorology, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012, pp. 74-78.
G. Algarswamy and J. T. Ritchie, “Modelling Nitrogen Uptake and Response in Sorghum and Pearl Millet,” In: S. M. Virmani, H. L. S. Tandon and G. Algarswamy, Eds., Modelling the Growth and Depelopment of Sorghum and Pearl Millet, Research Bulletien No. 12, ICRISAT, Patencheru, A.P., India, 1989, pp. 8-10.
R. Kumar, B. R. D. Gupta, K. K. Singh, R. K. Mall and S. K. Rai, “CROPGROW—Soyabean Model for Growth, Development and Yield Prediction for Jabalpur,” Proceeding of the National Work Shop on Dynamic Crop Simulation Modeling for Agrometeorological Advisory Service, NCMRWF, DST, New-Delhi, 1999, pp. 103-118.
S. K. Rai, “Validation of CERES-Sorghum Model, Its Application in Agronomic Management, Yield Predictions and Impact of Climate Change on Forage and Grain Sorghum in Semi-Arid Region of India,” Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Geophysics, BHU, Varanasi, 2001.
S. K. Rai and B. R. D. Gupta, “Simulating dry Biomass of Forage Sorghum Using CERES-Sorghum Model,” Journal of Agrometeorology, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2004, pp. 201-211.
S. K., Rai, B. R. D. Gupta and S. Dhar, “Performance of CERES-Sorghum Model in Simulating Forage Sorghum in Response to Nitrogen Levels in Semi-Arid Region of India,” Annals of Agricultural Research, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2005, pp. 240-248.
R. C. Muchow, G. L. Hammer and R. L. Vanderlip, “Assessing Climatic Risk to Sorghum Production in Water— Limited Subtropical Environments II. Effects of Planting Date, Soil Water at Planting and Cultivar Phenology,” Field Crops Research, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1994, pp. 235-246. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/0378-4290(94)90115-5
S. K. Rai, B. R. D. Gupta and S. Kumar, “Simulation as a Tool for Analyzing Climatic Risk to Forage Sorghum Production in Semi-Arid Region of India: Effects of Cultivar and Planting Date,” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 76, No. 3, 2005, pp. 153-157.
P. Behari, J. B. Singh and R. B. Yadava, “Crop Coefficient and Evapotranspiration of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Grown under Semiarid Environment,” Journal of Agrometeorology, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2003, pp. 53-57.
P. Behari and J. B. Singh, “Evapo-Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium L.) in a Semi-Arid Region,” The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 68, No. 2, 1998, pp.71-72
J. B. Singh, P. Behari and R. B. Yadava, “On the Estimation of Evapotranspiration, Water Use Efficiency and Crop Coefficient of Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in Central India,” Current Science, Vol. 93, 2007, pp. 17-19.
J. B. Singh, P. Behari and R. B. Yadava, “Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency of Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana L.) in Semi-Arid Region of Central India,” Range Management & Agroforestry, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2007, pp. 124-125.
M. Lal and N. P. Shukla, “Evapotranspiration and Forage yield of M. P. Chari in Relation to Growth Stages and Meteorological Conditions,” Indian Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1985, pp. 287-291.
N. P. Shukla and J. B. Singh, “Water Management for Forage Production Optimization: Retrospect and Prospects,” In: A. K. Dahama, Ed., Agro’s Annual Review of Crop Ecology, Agro Botanica Publishers, India, 1997, Vol. 1, pp. 199-220.
P. Behari and C. R. Hazara, “Forage Productivity of Sorghum and Oat-Evapotranspirational Studied,” Forage Research, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1989, pp. 162-166.
M. Lal and N. P. Shukla, “Evapotranspiration and Forage Yield of Oat in Relation to Growth Phases and Weather Conditions,” Indian Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 33, No. 2, 1988, pp. 117-120.
J. B. Singh, P. Behari and R. B. Yadva, “Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients of Maize + Cowpea Intercropping Systems in Semi-Arid Region,” Range Management & Agroforestry, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2002, pp. 152-154.
P. Behari, S. K. Rai and J. B. Singh, “Irrigation Scheduling of Guinea Grass + Berseem Intercropping Using Crop Coefficient under Different Soil Type at Jhansi,” Range Management and Agroforestry, Symposium Issue (A), 2010, pp. 83-84.
J. B. Singh, P. Saxena, K. C. Pandey and P. Behari, “Influence of Weather Parameters on Zonate Leaf Spot (Gloeocercospora sorghi) Development on Sorghum,” Journal of Agrometeorology, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2008, pp. 186-188.
J. B. Singh, P. Saxena, K. C. Pandey and P. Behari, “Comparing Growth Models for Temporal Progress of Sorghum Zonate Leaf Spot (Gloeocercospora sorghi) Disease,” Indian Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 86, No. 6, 2010, pp. 527-531.
J. B. Singh, K. C. Pandey, P. Saxena and P. Behari, “Degree Day Model for Development and Incidence of Lucerne Weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) in central India,” Current Science, Vol. 96, No. 12, 2009, pp. 1578-1580.
M. V. K. Sivakumar, “Agrometerology and Food Security,” Journal of Agrometeorology, 2008, pp. 1-8.