Daily and monthly rainfall was analyzed by the Concentration Index (CI) of [1] and the Annual Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) of [2] in southeastern Brazil. About 120 rainfall stations were used in the period from 1976 to 2010. Data were obtained from the National Water Agency (ANA). These data were selected by observing their spatial and temporal distribution in the study area. In general, the Concentration Index and the Precipitation Concentration Index were consistent for the study of rainfall variability in the study area. High percentages of annual rainfall concentration in a few very rainy days can increase the risk of flooding and soil instability. In this work, a survey of the spatial and temporal patterns of daily and monthly rainfall concentration in southeast Brazil was conducted. The results showed a relatively homogeneous temporal distribution of daily rainfall in the study area. In addition, the Mann-Kendall test showed a clear trend towards a seasonal rainfall distribution.
Martin-Vide, J. (2004) Spatial Distribution of a Daily Precipitation Concentration Index in Peninsular Spain. International Journal of Climatology, 24, 959-971. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1030
Oliver, J.E. (1980) Monthly Precipitation Distribution: A Comparative Index. Professional Geographer, 32, 300-309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1980.00300.x
Ren, G.Y., Wu, H. and Chen, Z.H. (2000) Spatial Patterns of Change Trend in Rainfall of China. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology, 11, 322-330.
Gong, D.Y. and Ho, C.H. (2002) Shift in the Summer Rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley in the Late 1970s. Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 14-36. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014523
Zhai, P.M., Zhang, X.B., Wan, H. and Pan, X.H. (2005) Trends in Total Precipitation and Frequency of Daily Precipitation Extremes over China. Journal of Climatology, 18, 1096-1108. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-3318.1
Karl, T.R., Knight R.W., Easterling, D.R. and Quayle, R.G. (1996) Indices of Climate Change. American Meteorological Society, 77, 279-292. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077 2.0.CO;2
Kutiel, H., Maheras, P. and Guika, S. (1996) Circulation and Extreme Rainfall Conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Last Century. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 73-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199601)16:1 3.0.CO;2-G
Piervitali, E., Colacino, M. and Conte, M. (1998) Rainfall over the Central-Western Mediterranean Basin in the Period 1951-1995, Part I: Precipitation Trends. Nuovo Cimento, 21, 331-344.
Xoplaki, E., Luterbacher, J. and González-Rouco, J.F. (2006) Mediterranean Summer Temperature and Winter Precipitation, Large-Scale Dynamics, Trends. Nuovo Cimento, 29, 45-54.
Amanatidis, G.T., Paliatsos, A.G., Repapis, C.C. and Barttzis, J.G. (1993) Decreasing Precipitation Trend in the Marathon Area, Greece. International Journal of Climatology, 13, 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370130205
De Luis, M., Raventos, J., Gongález-Hidalgo, J.C., Sánchez, J.R. and Cortina, J. (2000) Spatial Analysis of Rainfall Trends in the Region of Valencia (East of Spain). International Journal of Climatology, 20, 1451-1469. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(200010)20:12 AID-JOC547>3.0.CO;2-0
Feidas, H., Noulopoulo, Ch., Makkrogiannis, T. and Bora-Senta, E. (2007) Trend Analysis of Precipitation Time Series in Greece and Their Relationship with Circulation Using Surface and Satellite Data: 1955-2001. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 87, 155-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-006-0200-5
Del Rio, S., Herrero, L., Fraile, R. and Penas, A.P. (2011) Spatial Distribution of Recent Rainfall Trends in Spain (1961-2006). International Journal of Climatology, 31, 656-667. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2111
Montanari, A., Rosso, R. and Taqqu, M.S. (1996) Some Long-Run Properties of Rainfall Records in Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD02512
De Michele, C., Montanari, A. and Rosso, R. (1998) The Effect of Non-Stationarity on the Evaluation of Critical Design Storms. Water Science and Technology, 37, 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00332-1
Brunetti, M., Nanni, T., Maugeri, M., Auer, I., Boehm, R. and Schoerer, W. (2006) Precipitation Variability and Changes in the Greater Alpine Region over the 1800-2003 Period. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 111, D11107.
Palmieri, S., Siani, A.M. and D’Agostino, A. (1991) Climate Fluctuations and Trends in Italy within the Last Hundred Years. Annals of Geophysics, 9, 769-776.
Brunetti, M., Buffoni, L., Mangianti, F., Maugeri, M. and Nanni, T. (2004) Temperature, Precipitation and Extreme Events during the Last Century in Italy. Global Planet Change, 40, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00104-8
Cotecchia, V., Casarano, D. and Polemio, M. (2004) Characterization of Rainfall Trend and Drought Periods in Southern Italy from 1821 to 2001. Proceedings of 1st Italian-Russian Workshop New Trends in Hydrology, CNR Publications 2823, Rende, 24-26 September 2004, 139-150.
Coscarelli, R., Gaudio, R. and Caloier, T. (2004) Climatic Trends: An Investigation for a Calabrian Basin (Southern Italy). Proceedings of the International Symposium the Basis of Civilization, Water Science? IAHS Publication, No. 286, Rome, 3-6 December 2003, 255-266.
Ferrari, E. and Terranova, O. (2004) Non-Parametric Detection of Trends and Change Point Years in Monthly and Annual Rainfalls. In: Gaudio, R., Ed., Proceedings of 1st Italian-Russian Workshop New Trends in Hydrology, CNR Publications 2823, Rende, 24-26 September 2004, 177-188.
Buttafuoco, G., Caloiero, T. and Coscarelli, R. (2011) Spatial and Temporal Patterns of the Mean Annual Precipitation at Decadal Time Scale in Southern Italy (Calabria Region). Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 105, 431-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-011-0398-8
Scholz, G., Quinton, J.N. and Strauss, P. (2008) Soil Erosion from Sugar Beet in Central Europe in Response to Climate Change Induced Seasonal Precipitation Variations. Catena, 72, 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2007.04.005
Klik, A. and Truman, C.C. (2003) What Is a Typical Rainstorm? In: Gabriels, D. and Cornelis, W., Eds., Proceedings of the International Symposium, 25 Years of Assessment of Erosion, Ghent, 22-26 September 2003, 93-98.
Aguado, E., Cayan, D., Riddle, L. and Roos, M. (1992) Climatic Fluctuations and the Timing of West-Coast Streamflow. Journal of Climatology, 5, 1468-1483. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005 2.0.CO;2
Paredes, D., Trigo, R.M., Garcia-Herrera, R. and Franco-Trigo, I. (2006) Understanding Precipitation Changes in Iberia in Early Spring: Weather Typing and Storm Tracking Approaches. Journal of Hydrometeor, 7, 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM472.1
López-Moreno, J.I., Vicente, S., Gimeno, L. and Nieto, R. (2009) Stability of the Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation in the Mediterranean Region: Observations Since 1950 and Projections for the 21st Century. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L10703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037956
Sánchez-Lorenzo, A. and Martin-Vide, J. (2006) Distribución espacial de la concentración pluviométrica diaria en la Península Ibérica. Proceedings 5a Asamblea Hispano Portuguesa de Geodesia y Geofísica, sesión Climatología y Cambio Climático, Sevilla, 4 p.
Benhamrouche, A. and Martin-Vide, J. (2011) Distribución Espacial de la Concentración Diaria de La Precipitación en la Provincia de Alicante. Investigaciones Geográficas, 56, 113-129. (In Spanish) https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO2011.56.06
Benhamrouche, A. and Martin-Vide, J. (2012) Avances metodológicos en el análisis de La concentración diaria de la precipitación en la Espana peninsular. Anales de Geografía, 32, 11-27.
Zhang, Q., Xu, C.Y., Marco, G., Chen, Y.P. and Liu, C.L. (2009) Changing Properties of Precipitation Concentration in the Pearl River Basin, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 23, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-008-0225-7
Li, X., Jiang, F., Li, L. and Wang, G. (2010) Spatial and Temporal Variability of Precipitation Concentration Index, Concentration Degree and Concentration Period in Xinjiang, China. International Journal of Climatology, Published Online, 31, 1679-1693. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2181
Karl, T.R. and Knight, R.W. (1998) Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 231-241. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079 2.0.CO;2
Coscarelli, R. and Caloiero, T. (2012) Analysis of Daily and Monthly Rainfall Concentration in Southern Italy. Journal of Hydrology, 416-417, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.11.047
Brooks, C.E.P. and Carruthers, N. (1953) Handbooks of Statistical Methods in Meteorology. Meteorological Office, London.
Zubieta, R. and Saavedra, M. (2009) Spatial Distribution of a Daily Precipitation Concentration Index in Central Andes of Peru: Mantaro River Valley. TECNIA, 19, 13-22.
Riehl, H. (1949) Some Aspects of Hawaiian Rainfall. Bulletin American Meteorological Society , 3, 176-187.
Olascoaga, M.J. (1950) Some Aspects of Argentine Rainfall. Tellus, 2, 312-318.
Zhang, Q., Liu, C.L., Xu, C.Y., Xu, Y.P. and Jiang, T. (2006) Observed Trends of Annual Maximum Water Level and Streamflow during Past 130 Years in the Yangtze River Basin, China. Journal of Hydrology, 324, 255-265.
Shaw, G. and Wheeler, D. (1994) Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Halsted Press, New York.
De Luis, M., González-Hidalgo, J.C., Raventós, J., Sánchez, J.R. and Cortina, J. (1997) Distribución espacial de la concentración y agresividad de la lluvia en el territorio de la comunidad valenciana. Cuaternario y Geomorfología, 11, 33-44.
Povoa, L.V. and Nery, J.T. (2016) Precintcon: Precipitation Intensity, Concentration and Anomaly Analysis. R Package Version 2.3.0. Comprehensive R Archive Network, Austria. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=precintcon