Understanding the Local Carbon Fluxes Variations and Their Relationship to Climate Conditions in a Sub-Humid Savannah-Ecosystem during 2008-2015: Case of Lamto in Cote d’Ivoire — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Understanding the Local Carbon Fluxes Variations and Their Relationship to Climate Conditions in a Sub-Humid Savannah-Ecosystem during 2008-2015: Case of Lamto in Cote d’Ivoire
Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Geophysical Station of Lamto (GSL), N’Douci, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
,
Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
1 Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
2 Geophysical Station of Lamto (GSL), N’Douci, Côte d’Ivoire
3 Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
4 Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
5 Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
6 Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
The temporal variations of the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), the Total Ecosystem Respiration (TER) and the Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), and their responses to meteorological conditions (e.g. temperature, radiative flux and precipitation) at Lamto, in wet savannah region across Côte d’Ivoire are analyzed using GFED-CASA and daily meteorological data recorded over the 2008-2015 period. The study shows the links between these carbon fluxes and climate variability at Lamto that is subject to high anthropogenic pressures and seasonal bushfires. The correlative statistics from multiple regression methods were used to assess the different relationships and show how they change in time. The results show important seasonal variability in the Gross Primary Productivity and the Total Ecosystem Respiration mainly associated with the changes in temperature and radiative flux. In addition, the statistical analysis suggests a high correlation between meteorological conditions and the GPP and TER. These climatic conditions may explain 83% and 79% of the variances of GPP and TER respectively. Moreover, the interannual variability of the Net Ecosystem Exchange indicates that around Lamto, in the subhumid savannah, the ecosystem behaves as a carbon sink similar to other West African ecosystems. On the other hand, there is no clear link between the NEE and temperature, radiative flux and precipitation. This lack of connection may suggest a limited response of the NEE interannual dynamics related to the changes in climatic features.
[1] Bonkoungou, E.G. (1996) Drought, Desertification and Water Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Benneh, G., Morgan, W.B. and Uitto, J.I., Eds., Sustaining the Future: Economic, Social, and Environmental Change in Sub-Saharan Africa, United Nations University Press, New York, 165-180.
Thornes, J.E. (2002) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Edited by J. J. McCarthy, O. F. Canziani, N. A. Leary, D. J. Dokken: A Book Review. International Journal of Climatology, 22, 1285-1286. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.775
IPCC (2000) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Released for the 6th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in The Hague. The Netherlands, 13-24 November.
IPCC (1997) Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Reference Manual. IPCC/OECD/IEA, Paris, France.
Ciais, P., Sabine, C., Govindasamy, B., Bopp, L., Bovkin, V., Canadell, J., et al. (2013) Chapter 6: Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. In: Stocker, T., Qin, D. and Platner, G.-K., Eds., Climate Change 2013 the Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 570.
Kunz, M., Lavric, J.V., Gasche, R., Gerbig, C., Grant, R.H., Koch, F.-T., et al. (2019) Surface Flux Estimates Derived from UAS-Based Mole Fraction Measurements by Means of a Nocturnal Boundary Layer Budget Approach. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-221
GIEC (2013) Changements climatiques 2013: Les éléments scientifiques. Résumé à l’intention des décideurs. Genève.
Valentini, R., Arneth, A., Bombelli, A., Castaldi, S., Cazzolla Gatti, R., Chevallier, F., et al. (2014) A Full Greenhouse Gases Budget of Africa: Synthesis, Uncertainties, and Vulnerabilities. Biogeosciences, 11, 381-407. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-381-2014
Thenkabail, P., Smith, R. and De Pauw, E. (2002) Evaluation of Narrowband and Broadband Vegetation Indices for Determining Optimal Hyperspectral Wavebands for Agricultural Crop Characterization. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 68, 607-621.
Williams, C.A., Hanan, N.P. and Neff, J.C. (2007) Africa and the Global Carbon Cycle. Carbon Balance and Management, 2, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-0680-2-3
Ciais, P., Bombelli, A., Williams, M., Piao, S.L., Chave, J., Ryan, C.M., et al. (2011) The Carbon Balance of Africa: Synthesis of Recent Research Studies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 369, 2038-2057. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0328
Kairee, M., Sarr, B. and Botoni, E.Y. (2015) Enjeu des mécanismes de financement del’adaptation au changement climatique pour l’Afrique de l’ouest. Conférence.
GIEC (2018) Résumé à l’intention des décideurs, Réchauffement planétaire de 1,5 °C, Rapport spécial du GIEC sur les conséquences d’un réchauffement planétaire de 1,5 °C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels et les trajectoires associées d’émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, dans le contexte du renforcement de la parade mondiale au changement climatique, du développement durable et de la lutte contre la pauvreté [Publié sous la direction de V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor et T. Waterfield]. Organization meteorology-quemondiale, Genève, Suisse, 32.
Nadège, N., B.-K.A., Cissé, G., Koné, B. and Séri, D. (2016) Variabilité Climatique Et Changements Dans L’environnement à Korhogo En Côte D’ivoire: Mythes Ou Réalité? European Scientific Journal, 12, 158. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n5p158
Zinyowera, M.C., Jallow, B.P., Maya, R.S. and Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O. (1998) Incidences de l’évolutiondu climat dans les régions: Evaluation de la vulnérabilité Afrique.
Reichstein, M., Ciais, P., Papale, D., Valentini, R., Running, S., Viovy, N., et al. (2007) Reduction of Ecosystem Productivity and Respiration during the European Summer 2003 Climate Anomaly: A Joint Flux Tower, Remote Sensing and Modelling Analysis. Global Change Biology, 13, 634-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01224.x
Chmura, G.L., Anisfeld, S.C., Cahoon, D.R. and Lynch, J.C. (2003) Global Carbon Sequestration in Tidal, Saline Wetland Soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, 1111. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001917
Schimel, D.S., House, J.I., Hibbard, K.A., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., et al. (2001) Recent Patterns and Mechanisms of Carbon Exchange by Terrestrial Ecosystems. Nature, 414, 169-172. https://doi.org/10.1038/35102500
Luyssaert, S., Inglima, I., Jung, M., Richardson, A.D., Reichstein, M., Papale, D., Piao, S.L., Schulze, E.-D., Wingate, L., Matteucci, G., Aragao, L., Aubinet, M., Beer, C., Bernhofer, C., Black, K.G., Bonal, D., Bonnefond, J.-M., Chambers, J., Ciais, P., Cook, B., Davis, K.J., Dolman, A.J., Gielen, B., Goulden, M., Grace, J., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Griffis, T., Grünwald, T., Guidolotti, G., Hanson, P.J., Harding, R., Hollinger, D.Y., Hutyra, L.R., Kolari, P., Kruijt, B., Kutsch, W., Lagergren, F., Laurila, T., Law, B.E., Le Maire, G., Lindroth, A., Loustau, D., Malhi, Y., Mateus, J., Migliavacca, M., Misson, L., Montagnani, L., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E., Munger, J.W., Nikinmaa, E., Ollinger, S.V., Pita, G., Rebmann, C., Roupsard, O., Saigusa, N., Sanz, M.J., Seufert, G., Sierra, C., Smith, M.-L., Tang, J., Valentini, R., Vesala, T. and Janssens, I.A. (2007) CO2 Balance of Boreal, Temperate, and Tropical Forests Derived from a Global Database. Global Change Biology, 13, 2509-2537. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x
Freitag, H., Ferguson, P., Dubois, K., Hayford, E., Vonvordzogbe, V. and Veizer, J. (2008) Water and Carbon Fluxes from Savanna Ecosystems of the Volta River Watershed, West Africa. Global and Planetary Change, 61, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.08.003
Ago, E.E., Agbossou, E.K., Ozer, P. and Aubinet, M. (2016) Mesure des flux de CO2 et séquestration de carbone dans les écosystèmes terrestres ouest-africains (synthèse bibliographique). Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment, 20, 68-82.
CHM (2009) Les inventaires des gaz à effet de serre: Quel intérêt pour la Côte d’Ivoire? Centre d’échanges d’information de la Côte d’Ivoire. http://ci.chm-cbd.net/links/sensibilisation-environnementale/les-inventaires-des-gaz-effet-de-serre-quel-1
van der Werf, G.R., Randerson, J.T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G.J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P.S., Morton, D.C., DeFries, R.S., Jin, Y. and van Leeuwen, T.T. (2010) Global Fire Emissions and the Contribution of Deforestation, Savanna, Forest, Agricultural, and Peat Fires (1997-2009). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 11707-11735. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010
Diawara, A., Yoroba, F., Kouadio, K.Y., Kouassi, K.B., Assamoi, E.M., Diedhiou, A. and Assamoi, P. (2014) Climate Variability in the Sudano-Guinean Transition Area and Its Impact on Vegetation: The Case of the Lamto Region in Côte D’Ivoire. Advances in Meteorology, 2014, Article ID: 831414. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/831414
N’dri, A.B., Fongbe, M., Soro, T.D., Gignoux, J., Kone, M., Dosso, K., N’dri, J.K., Kone, N.A. and Barot, S. (2018) Principaux indices de l’intensité du feu dans une savane Guinéenne d’Afrique de l’Ouest. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 12, 266-274. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i1.21
Nacro, H.B. (2003) Le feu de brousse, un facteur de reproduction des écosystèmes de savanes à dominance herbacées à Lamto (Côte d'Ivoire)? Review CAMES-Série A, 2, 49-54.
Potter, C.S., Randerson, J.T., Field, C.B., Matson, P.A., Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A. and Klooster, S.A. (1993) Terrestrial Ecosystem Production: A Process Model Based on Global Satellite and Surface Data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 811-841. https://doi.org/10.1029/93GB02725
Ott, L.E., Pawson, S., Collatz, G.J., Gregg, W.W., Menemenlis, D., Brix, H., Rousseaux, C.S., Bowman, K.W., Liu, J., Eldering, A., Gunson, M.R. and Kawa, S.R. (2014) Assessing the Magnitude of CO2 Flux Uncertainty in Atmospheric CO2 Records Using Products from NASA’s Carbon Monitoring Flux Pilot Project: Observability of CO2 Flux Differences. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120, 734-765. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022411
Philip, S., Johnson, M.S., Potter, C., Genovesse, V., Baker, D.F., Haynes, K.D., Henze, D.K., Liu, J. and Poulter, B. (2019) Prior Biosphere Model Impact on Global Terrestrial CO2 Fluxes Estimated from OCO-2 Retrievals. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19, 13267-13287. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13267-2019
Field, C.B., Randerson, J.T. and Malmström, C.M. (1995) Global Net Primary Production: Combining Ecology and Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment, 51, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)00066-V
van der Werf, G.R., Randerson, J.T., Giglio, L., van Leeuwen, T.T., Chen, Y., Rogers, B.M., Mu, M., van Marle, M.J.E., Morton, D.C., Collatz, G.J., Yokelson, R.J. and Kasibhatla, P.S. (2017) Global Fire Emissions Estimates during 1997-2016. Earth System Science Data, 9, 697-720. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-697-2017
Bigot, S., Oszwald, J., Brou Yao, T., Diedhiou, A., Konaré, A., Fofana, M. and Assamoi, P. (2004) Le suivi des variations climatiques et écologiques en Afrique de l’ouest: Le rôle de la station géophysique et écologique de Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire). Association Internationale de Climatologie, 17, 127-130.
Benesty, J., Chen, J., Huang, Y. and Cohen, I. (2009) Pearson Correlation Coefficient. In: Noise Reduction in Speech Processing, Springer, Berlin, 21-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00296-0_5
Zhang, Y., Huang, K., Zhang, T., Zhu, J. and Di, Y. (2019) Soil Nutrient Availability Regulated Global Carbon Use Efficiency. Global and Planetary Change, 173, 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.12.001
He, Y., Piao, S., Li, X., Chen, A. and Qin, D. (2018) Global Patterns of Vegetation Carbon Use Efficiency and Their Climate Drivers Deduced from MODIS Satellite Data and Process-Based Models. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 256-257, 150-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.03.009
Litton, C.M., Raich, J.W. and Ryan, M.G. (2007) Carbon Allocation in Forest Ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 13, 2089-2109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01420.x
De Lucia, E.H., Drake, J.E., Thomas, R.B. and Gonzalez-Meler, M. (2007) Forest Carbon Use Efficiency: Is Respiration a Constant Fraction of Gross Primary Production? Global Change Biology, 13, 1157-1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01365.x
Landsberg, J.J. and Waring, R.H. (1997) A Generalised Model of Forest Productivity Using Simplified Concepts of Radiation-Use Efficiency, Carbon Balance and Partitioning. Forest Ecology and Management, 95, 209-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00026-1
Moureaux, C., Bodson, B., Aubinet, M., Moureaux, C., Bodson, B. and Aubinet, M. (2008) Mesure des flux de CO2 et bilan carboné de grandes cultures: état de la question et méthodologie. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment, 3, 303-315.
Granier, A., Bréda, N., Longdoz, B., Gross, P. and Ngao, J. (2008) Ten Years of Fluxes and Stand Growth in a Young Beech Forest at Hesse, North-Eastern France. Annals of Forest Science, 65, 704-704. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2008052
Janssens, I.A., Dore, S., Epron, D., Lankreijer, H., Buchmann, N., Longdoz, B., Brossaud, J. and Montagnani, L. (2003) Climatic Influences on Seasonal and Spatial Differences in Soil CO2 Efflux. In: Valentini, R., Ed., Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, Springer, Berlin, Vol. 163, 233-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05171-9_12
Law, B.E., Falge, E., Gu, L., Baldocchi, D.D., Bakwin, P., Berbigier, P., Davis, K., Dolman, A.J., Falk, M., Fuentes, J.D., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Hollinger, D., Janssens, I.A., Jarvis, P., Jensen, N.O., Katul, G., Mahli, Y., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Monson, R., Munger, W., Oechel, W., Olson, R., Pilegaard, K., Paw, U., Thorgeirsson, H., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K. and Wofsy, S. (2002) Environmental Controls over Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor Exchange of Terrestrial Vegetation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 113, 97-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00104-1
Liebmann, B., Dole, R.M., Jones, C., Bladé, I. and Allured, D. (2010) Influence of Choice of Time Period on Global Surface Temperature Trend Estimates. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91, 1485-1492. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3030.1
Yuan, W., Liu, S., Zhou, G., Zhou, G., Tieszen, L.L., Baldocchi, D., Bernhofer, C., Gholz, H., Goldstein, A.H., Goulden, M.L., Hollinger, D.Y., Hu, Y., Law, B.E., Stoy, P.C., Vesala, T. and Wofsy, S.C. (2007) Deriving a Light Use Efficiency Model from Eddy Covariance Flux Data for Predicting Daily Gross Primary Production across Biomes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 143, 189-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.12.001
Desai, A.R., Richardson, A.D., Moffat, A.M., Kattge, J., Hollinger, D.Y., Barr, A., Falge, E., Noormets, A., Papale, D., Reichstein, M. and Stauch, V.J. (2008) Cross-Site Evaluation of Eddy Covariance GPP and RE Decomposition Techniques. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 821-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.012
Niu, S., Luo, Y., Fei, S., Montagnani, L., Bohrer, G., Janssens, I.A., Gielen, B., Rambal, S., Moors, E. and Matteucci, G. (2011) Seasonal Hysteresis of Net Ecosystem Exchange in Response to Temperature Change: Patterns and Causes: Seasonal Hysteresis of Net Ecosystem Exchange. Global Change Biology, 17, 3102-3114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02459.x
Liu, X., Zhu, D., Zhan, W., Chen, H., Zhu, Q., Hao, Y., Liu, W. and He, Y. (2019) Five-Year Measurements of Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange at a Fen in the Zoige Peatlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 11803-11818. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031429
Lee, S.-C., Fan, C.-J., Wu, Z.-Y. and Juang, J.-Y. (2015) Investigating Effect of Environmental Controls on Dynamics of CO2 Budget in a Subtropical Estuarial Marsh Wetland Ecosystem. Environmental Research Letters, 10, Article ID: 025005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/2/025005
Chen, J., Gerbig, C., Marshall, J. and Totsche, K.U. (2019) Short-Term Forecasting of Regional Biospheric CO2 Fluxes in Europe Using a Light-Use-Efficiency Model. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-173
Bonne, J.-L. (2015) Observations continues de la composition atmosphérique au sud Groenland. Climatologie. Thèse de doctorat en Météorologie, océanographie physique et physique de l’environnemen Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 396. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01254787
Lafleur, P.M., Roulet, N.T. and Admiral, S.W. (2001) Annual Cycle of CO2 Exchange at a Bog Peatland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 106, 3071-3081. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900588
Zhang, L.-M., Yu, G.-R., Sun, X.-M., Wen, X.-F., Ren, C.-Y., Fu, Y.-L., Li, Q.-K., Li, Z.-Q., Liu, Y.-F., Guan, D.-X. and Yan, J.-H. (2006) Seasonal Variations of Ecosystem Apparent Quantum Yield (α) and Maximum Photosynthesis Rate (Pmax) of Different Forest Ecosystems in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137, 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.02.006
Perrin, D., Laitat, E., Yernaux, M. and Aubinet, M. (2004) Modélisation de la réponse des flux de respiration d’un sol forestier selon les principales variables climatiques. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment, 8, 15-25.
Tang, J., Baldocchi, D.D. and Xu, L. (2005) Tree Photosynthesis Modulates Soil Respiration on a Diurnal Time Scale. Global Change Biology, 11, 1298-1304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00978.x
Gaumont-Guay, D., Black, T.A., Griffis, T.J., Barr, A.G., Jassal, R.S. and Nesic, Z. (2006) Interpreting the Dependence of Soil Respiration on Soil Temperature and Water Content in a Boreal Aspen Stand. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 140, 220-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.003
Vargas, R. and Allen, M.F. (2008) Diel Patterns of Soil Respiration in a Tropical Forest after Hurricane Wilma. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, G000620. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000620
Zeppel, M.J.B., Murray, B.R., Barton, C. and Eamus, D. (2004) Seasonal Responses of Xylem Sap Velocity to VPD and Solar Radiation during Drought in a Stand of Native Trees in Temperate Australia. Functional Plant Biology, 31, 461-470. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP03220
Yoroba, F., Kouassi, B.K., Diawara, A., Yapo, L.A.M., Kouadio, K., Tiemoko, D.T., Kouadio, Y.K., Koné, I.D. and Assamoi, P. (2019) Evaluation of Rainfall and Temperature Conditions for a Perennial Crop in Tropical Wetland: A Case Study of Cocoa in Côte d’Ivoire. Advances in Meteorology, 2019, Article ID: 9405939. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9405939
Merbold, L., Ardö, J., Arneth, A., Scholes, R.J., Nouvellon, Y., de Grandcourt, A., Archibald, S., Bonnefond, J.M., Boulain, N., Brueggemann, N., Bruemmer, C., Cappelaere, B., Ceschia, E., El-Khidir, H.A.M., El-Tahir, B.A., Falk, U., Lloyd, J., Kergoat, L., Le Dantec, V., Mougin, E., Muchinda, M., Mukelabai, M.M., Ramier, D., Roupsard, O., Timouk, F., Veenendaal, E.M. and Kutsch, W.L. (2009) Precipitation as Driver of Carbon Fluxes in 11 African Ecosystems. Biogeosciences, 6, 1027-1041. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1027-2009
Sjöström, M., Zhao, M., Archibald, S., Arneth, A., Cappelaere, B., Falk, U., de Grandcourt, A., Hanan, N., Kergoat, L., Kutsch, W., Merbold, L., Mougin, E., Nickless, A., Nouvellon, Y., Scholes, R.J., Veenendaal, E.M. and Ardö, J. (2013) Evaluation of MODIS Gross Primary Productivity for Africa Using Eddy Covariance Data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 131, 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.023
Brümmer, C., Falk, U., Papen, H., Szarzynski, J., Wassmann, R. and Brüggemann, N. (2008) Diurnal, Seasonal, and Interannual Variation in Carbon Dioxide and Energy Exchange in Shrub Savanna in Burkina Faso (West Africa): CO2 and Energy Exchange in Savanna. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 113, GO2030. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000583
Williams, C.A., Hanan, N.P., Baker, I., Collatz, G.J., Berry, J. and Denning, A.S. (2008) Interannual Variability of Photosynthesis across Africa and Its Attribution: Drivers of Productivity across Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 113, G04015. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000718
Ciais, P., Piao, S.-L., Cadule, P., Friedlingstein, P. and Chédin, A. (2009) Variability and Recent Trends in the African Terrestrial Carbon Balance. Biogeosciences, 6, 1935-1948. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1935-2009
Weber, U., Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Beer, C., Braakhekke, M.C., Lehsten, V., Ghent, D., Kaduk, J., Viovy, N., Ciais, P., Gobron, N. and Rödenbeck, C. (2009) The Interannual Variability of Africa’s Ecosystem Productivity: A Multi-Model Analysis. Biogeosciences, 6, 285-295. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-285-2009
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H.A., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A.D., Arain, M.A., Arneth, A., Bernhofer, C., Bonal, D., Chen, J., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Kiely, G., Kutsch, W., Lasslop, G., Law, B.E., Lindroth, A., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Moors, E.J., Papale, D., Sottocornola, M., Vaccari, F. and Williams, C. (2011) Global Patterns of Land-Atmosphere Fluxes of Carbon Dioxide, Latent Heat, and Sensible Heat Derived from Eddy Covariance, Satellite, and Meteorological Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, G00J07. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001566
Ago, E.E., Agbossou, E.K., Galle, S., Cohard, J.-M., Heinesch, B. and Aubinet, M. (2014) Long Term Observations of Carbon Dioxide Exchange over Cultivated Savanna under a Sudanian Climate in Benin (West Africa). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 197, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.06.005
Ago, E.E., Serça, D., Agbossou, E.K., Galle, S. and Aubinet, M. (2015) Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from a Degraded Woodland in West Africa and Their Responses to Main Environmental Factors. Carbon Balance and Management, 10, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-015-0033-6
Quansah, E., Mauder, M., Balogun, A.A., Amekudzi, L.K., Hingerl, L., Bliefernicht, J. and Kunstmann, H. (2015) Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Contrasting Ecosystems in the Sudanian Savanna in West Africa. Carbon Balance and Management, 10, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-014-0011-4
Friborg, T., Boegh, E. and Soegaard, H. (1997) Carbon Dioxide Flux, Transpiration and Light Response of Millet in the Sahel. Journal of Hydrology, 188-189, 633-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03196-4
Trumbore, S.E., Chadwick, O.A. and Amundson, R. (1996) Rapid Exchange between Soil Carbon and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Driven by Temperature Change. Science, 272, 393-396. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5260.393
Matteucci, G., Dore, S., Stivanello, S., Rebmann, C. and Buchmann, N. (2000) Soil Respiration in Beech and Spruce Forests in Europe: Trends, Controlling Factors, Annual Budgets and Implications for the Ecosystem Carbon Balance. In: Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Vol. 142, 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57219-7_10
Rey, A., Pegoraro, E., Tedeschi, V., De Parri, I., Jarvis, P.G. and Valentini, R. (2002) Annual Variation in Soil Respiration and Its Components in a Coppice Oak Forest in Central Italy. Global Change Biology, 8, 851-866. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00521.x
Liu, H.S., Li, L.H., Han, X.G., Huang, J.H., Sun, J.X. and Wang, H.Y. (2006) Respiratory Substrate Availability Plays a Crucial Role in the Response of Soil Respiration to Environmental Factors. Applied Soil Ecology, 32, 284-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.08.001
Jarvis, P., Rey, A., Petsikos, C., Wingate, L., Rayment, M., Pereira, J., Banza, J., David, J., Miglietta, F., Borghetti, M., Manca, G. and Valentini, R. (2007) Drying and Wetting of Mediterranean Soils Stimulates Decomposition and Carbon Dioxide Emission: The “Birch Effect”. Tree Physiology, 27, 929-940. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.7.929
Mahadevan, P., Wofsy, S.C., Matross, D.M., Xiao, X., Dunn, A.L., Lin, J.C., Gerbig, C., Munger, J.W., Chow, V.Y. and Gottlieb, E.W. (2008) A Satellite-Based Biosphere Parameterization for Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange: Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM): Net Ecosystem Exchange Model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, GB2005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002735
Tagesson, T., Fensholt, R., Guiro, I., Rasmussen, M.O., Huber, S., Mbow, C., Garcia, M., Horion, S., Sandholt, I., Holm-Rasmussen, B., Göttsche, F.M., Ridler, M.-E., Olén, N., Lundegard Olsen, J., Ehammer, A., Madsen, M., Olesen, F.S. and Ardö, J. (2015) Ecosystem Properties of Semiarid Savanna Grassland in West Africa and Its Relationship with Environmental Variability. Global Change Biology, 21, 250-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12734
Singh, J.S. and Gupta, S.R. (1977) Plant Decomposition and Soil Respiration in Terrestrial Ecosystems. The Botanical Review, 43, 449-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860844
Raich, J.W. and Schlesinger, W.H. (1992) The Global Carbon Dioxide Flux in Soil Respiration and Its Relationship to Vegetation and Climate. Tellus B, 44, 81-99. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v44i2.15428
Fang, C. and Moncrieff, J.B. (2001) The Dependence of Soil CO2 Efflux on Temperature. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 33, 155-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00125-5
Davidson, E., Belk, E. and Boone, R.D. (1998) Soil Water Content and Temperature as Independent or Confounded Factors Controlling Soil Respiration in a Temperate Mixed Hardwood Forest. Global Change Biology, 4, 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00128.x
Schwendenmann, L., Veldkamp, E., Brenes, T., O’Brien, J.J. and Mackensen, J. (2003) Spatial and Temporal Variation in Soil CO2 Efflux in an Old-Growth Neotropical Rain Forest, La Selva, Costa Rica. Biogeochemistry, 64, 111-128. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024941614919
Loescher, H.W., Oberbauer, S.F., Gholz, H.L. and Clark, D.B. (2003) Environmental Controls on Net Ecosystem-Level Carbon Exchange and Productivity in a Central American Tropical Wet Forest. Global Change Biology, 9, 396-412. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00599.x