Studying the relationship between rhizosphere microorganisms and root exudates is of great significance for the interaction between rhizosphere microorganisms and plants, and the prevention and control of soil-borne diseases. This article analyzed the effects of different microorganisms on tobacco root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms. It was found that the bacterial wilt pathogen can greatly increase acids and amines, while the probiotic B. amyloliquefaciens ZM9 can eliminate some acids and amines. The results of the study show that the root exudates of pathogenic bacteria may contain a variety of allelochemicals that cause soil-borne diseases.
KeywordsRoot ExudatesRhizosphere MicrobesGC-MS
Berendsen, R.L., Pieterse, C.M.J. and Bakker, P.A.H.M. (2012) The Rhizosphere Microbiome and Plant Health. Trends in Plant Science, 17, 478-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2012.04.001
Shao, T., Long, X., Liu, Y., Gao, X., Liu, M. and Rengel, Z. (2021) Effect of Industrial Crop Jerusalem Artichoke on the Micro-Ecological Rhizosphere Environment in Saline Soil. Applied Soil Ecology, 166, Article ID: 104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104080
Barelli, L., Waller, A.S., Behie, S.W. and Bidochka, M.J. (2020) Plant Microbiome Analysis after Metarhizium Amendment Reveals Increases in Abundance of Plant Growth-Promoting Organisms and Maintenance of Disease-Suppressive Soil. PLoS ONE, 15, e0231150. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231150
Pradeep, R.M. (2015) The Promise of the Plant’s Second Genome. Journal of Investigative Genomics, 2, Article No. 83. https://doi.org/10.15406/jig.2015.02.00031
Zamioudis, C. and Pieterse, C.M. (2012) Modulation of Host Immunity by Beneficial Microbes. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact, 25, 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-06-11-0179
Zhang, Y., Du, B.H., Jin, Z.G., Li, Z.-H., Song, H.-N. and Ding, Y.-Q. (2011) Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Rhizosphere Soil of Healthy and Diseased Cotton (Gossypium sp.) at Different Plant Growth Stages. Plant and Soil, 339, 447-455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0600-2
Lanoue, A., Burlat, V., Henkes, G.J., Koch, I., Schurr, U. and Röse, U.S.R. (2010) De Novo Biosynthesis of Defense Root Exudates in Response to Fusarium Attack in Barley. New Phytologist, 185, 577-588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03066.x
Yang, J.W., Yi, H.S., Kim, H., Lee, B., Lee, S., Ghim, S.-Y., et al. (2011) Whitefly Infestation of Pepper Plants Elicits Defence Responses against Bacterial Pathogens in Leaves and Roots and Changes the Below-Ground Microflora. Journal of Ecology, 99, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01756.x
Lee, B., Lee, S. and Ryu, C.M. (2012) Foliar Aphid Feeding Recruits Rhizosphere Bacteria and Primes Plant Immunity against Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Bacteria in Pepper. Annals of Botany, 110, 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs055
Chaparro, J.M., Badri, D.V. and Vivanco, J.M. (2014) Rhizosphere Microbiome Assemblage Is Affected by Plant Development. The ISME Journal, 8, 790-803. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.196
Sasse, J., Martinoia, E. and Northen, T. (2018) Feed Your Friends: Do Plant Exudates Shape the Root Microbiome? Trends in Plant Science, 23, 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.003
Ghatak, A., Schindler, F., Bachmann, G., Engelmeier, D., Bajaj, P., Brenner, M., et al. (2021) Root Exudation of Contrasting Drought-Stressed Pearl Millet Genotypes Conveys Varying Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI) Activity. Biology and Fertility of Soils. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-021-01578-w
Vora, S.M., Ankati, S., Patole, C., Rao Podile, A. and Archana, G. (2021) Alterations of Primary Metabolites in Root Exudates of Intercropped Cajanus cajan—Zea mays Modulate the Adaptation and Proteome of Ensifer (Sinorhizobium) Fredii NGR234. Microbial Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-021-01818-4
He, H., Wang, Z., Hu, D., et al. (2011) Research Progress on the Interaction between Root Exudates and Rhizosphere Microorganisms. Hebei Agricultural Sciences, 15, 69-73.
Kawasaki, A., Suzanne, D., Peter, R., Mathesius, U., Devilla, R., Jones, A., et al. (2016) Microbiome and Exudates of the Root and Rhizosphere of Brachypodium Distachyon, a Modelfor Wheat. PLoS ONE, 11, e0164533. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164533
Raaijmakers, J.M., Paulitz, T.C., Steinberg, C., Alabouvette, C. and Moënne-Loccoz, Y. (2009) The Rhizosphere: A Playground and Battlefield for Soilborne Pathogens and Beneficial Microorganisms. Plant and Soil, 321, 341-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9568-6
Dignam, B.E.A., O’Callaghan, M., Condron, L.M., Kowalchuk, G.A., Van Nostrand, J.D., Zhou, J., et al. (2018) Effect of Land Use and Soil Organic Matter Quality on the Structure and Function of Microbial Communities in Pastoral Soils: Implications for Disease Suppression. PLoS One, 13, e0196581. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196581
Weller, D.M., Raaijmakers, J.M., Gardener, B.B. and Thomashow, L.S. (2002) Microbial Populations Responsible for Specific Soil Suppressiveness to Plant Pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 40, 309-348. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.030402.110010
Gagne, B.F., Mayer, B.F., Charron, J.B., Vali, H., Bertrand, A. and Jabaji, S. (2015) Accelerated Growth Rate and Increased Drought Stress Resilience of the Model Grass Brachypodium distachyon Colonized by Bacillus subtilis B26. PLoS ONE, 10, e0130456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130456
Amaral, F.P., Pankievicz, V.C., Arisi, A.C., de Souza, E.M., Pedrosa, F. and Stacey, G. (2016) Differential Growth Responses of Brachypodium distachyon Genotypes to Inoculation with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Plant Molecular Biology, 90, 689-697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-016-0449-8
Yu, H., Shen, G. and Gao, X. (2013) Detection of Tobacco Root Exudates by GC-MS. Acta Tobacco Sinica, 19, 64-71.
Shi, S.J., Richardson, A.E., O’Callaghan, M., DeAngelis, K.M., Jones, E.E., Stewart, A., et al. (2011) Elects of Selected Root Exudate Components on Soil Bacterial Communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 77, 600-610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01150.x
Zhang, A., Sun, K., Da, W., et al. (2008) Research on Rhizosphere Microorganisms of Seabuckthorn in Different Habitats. Journal of Northwest Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 44, 69-73.
Lu, Y. and Zhang, F. (2006) Research Progress on Rhizosphere Microorganisms. Soil, 38, 113-121.
Zhou, W.J. and Qin, S.J. (2016) Research Progress in Interaction between Plant and Rhizosphere Microorganism. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University, 38, 253-260.
Tan, Y., Cui, Y.S., Ji, X.L., et al. (2017) Research Progress in Microorganism Changes of Rhizospheric Soil and Root Endogenous and Ecology during Continuous Cropping of Panax Notoginseng. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 48, 391-399.
Jacoby, R., Peukert, M., Succurro, A., Koprivova, A. and Kopriva, S. (2017) The Role of Soil Microorganisms in Plant Mineral Nutrition—Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, Article No. 1617. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01617
Wang, F. (2017) The Allelopathy of Exogenous Phthalic Acid on the Growth of Adzuki Bean Root System. Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 4, 12-16.
Liu, Y., Li, X., Cai, L., et al. (2016) Identification of Phenolic Acids in Grass Root Exudates and Their effects on Rhizosphere Microorganisms. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 22, 418-428.
He, Z., Wang, R., Wang, X., et al. (2014) Screening of Peanut Autotoxin-Degrading Bacteria and Preliminary Study on Its Degradation Effect. Chinese Agricultural Bulletin, 30, 224-227.
Geng, G., Zhang, S. and Cheng, Z. (2008) The Allelopathy of Phthalic Acid on Lettuce and Its Mechanism. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 34, 656-659.
Pang, Z., Dong, F., Liu, Q., Lin, W., Hu, C. and Yuan, Z. (2021) Soil Metagenomics Reveals Effects of Continuous Sugarcane Cropping on the Structure and Functional Pathway of Rhizospheric Microbial Community. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, Article No. 627569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.627569