In 2019, the coronavirus pandemic broke out as a serious public health issue worldwide. In Côte d’Ivoire, the number of cases of COVID-19 has increased rapidly. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2) binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the respiratory tracts and enters the respiratory and alveolar cells of infected patients. Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamin D 3 is associated with respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis by activation of the renin-angiotensin system. In Côte d’Ivoire, very little research is being done on SARS-CoV-2 and vitamin D. The objective of this study was to assess the vitamin D status of people infected and suffering from COVID-19 in order to contribute to their medical treatment. The study involved 100 adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 (24 women and 76 men). After confirmation of the patient’s SARS-CoV-2 status by RT-PCR, the 25 (OH) vitamin D assay was performed on the Cobas 6000 device and compared to control subjects, the non-COVID-19 positive. A significant decrease in 25-hydroxy vitamin D 3 concentrations (44 ± 1.29 nmole/L) was observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, compared to control (78 ± 0.68 nmole/L) (p < 0.0001). The 25-hydroxy vitamin D 3 deficiency requires vitamin D supplementation in the management of hospitalized patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
KeywordsCôte d’IvoireSARS-CoV-2Vitamin D Deficiency
Elflein, J. (2021) Number of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Cases Worldwide as of Janvier 12, 2021, by Country. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1043366/novel-coronavirus-2019ncov-cases-worldwide-by-country/
Elflein, J. (2021) Number of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Deaths Worldwide as of December 16, 2021, by Country. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1093256/novel-coronavirus-2019ncov-deaths-worldwide-by-country/
Caramel, L. (2021) En Afrique, l’ampleur de l’épidémie de COVID-19 reste une grande inconnue. Le Monde Afrique. https://www.lemonde.fr
Lan, J., Ge, J.W., Yu, J.F., Shan, S.S., Zhou, H., Fan, S.L., Zhang, Q., Shi, X.L., Wang, Q.S., Zhang, L.Q. and Wang, X.Q. (2020) Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Bound to the ACE2 Receptor. Nature, 581, 215-220. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5
Wan, Y.S., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R.S. and Li, F. (2020) Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: An Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. Journal of Virology, 94, e00127-120.
Cao, Z., Wu, Y., Faucon, E. and Sabatier, J.M. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 & COVID-19: Key-Roles of the ‘Renin-Angiotensin’ System/Vitamin D Impacting Drug and Vaccine Developments. Infectious Disorders—Drug Targets, 20, 348-349. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871526520999200505174704
Ziegler, C.G.K., Allon, S.J., Nyquist, S.K., et al. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Is an Interferon-Stimulated Gene in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Is Detected in Specific Cell Subsets across Tissues. Cell, 181, 1016-1035.E19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.035
Bombardini, T. and Picano, E. (2020) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 as the Molecular Bridge between Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 36, 784.E1-784.E2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.03.026
Craveiro, V., Cabral, M. and Araújo, J. (2018) Association de la concentration sérique de 25-hydroxy vitamine D avec la fonction pulmonaire chez les jeunes adultes. Nutrients, 10, Article No. 1728. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111728
Carlberg, C. (2014) The Physiology of Vitamin D-Far More than Calcium and Bone. Frontiers in Physiology, 5, Article No. 335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.0033
Pfeffer, P.E. and Hawrylowicz, C.M. (2012) Vitamin D and Lung Disease. Thorax, 67, 1018-1020. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202139
Xu, J., Yang, J.L., Chen, J., Luo, Q.L., Zhang, Q. and Zhang, H. (2017) Vitamin D Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Regulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16, 7432-7438. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2017.7546
Ebadi, M. and Montano-Loza, A.J. (2020) Perspective: Improving Vitamin D Status in the Management of COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74, 856-859. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0661-0
Zang, R., Case, J.B, Yutuc, E., Ma, X., Shen, S., Gomez Castro, M.F. Liu, Z., Zeng, Q., Zhao, H., Son, J., Rothlauf, P.W., Kreutzberger, A.J.B., Hou, G., Zhang, H., Sayantan, B., Wang, X., Vahey, M.D., Mani, K., Griffiths, W.J., Kirchhausen, T., Fremont, D.H., Guo, H., Diwan, A., Wang, Y., Diamond, M.S., Whelan, S.P.J. and Ding, S. (2020) Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Suppresses SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Blocking Membrane Fusion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 32105-32113. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012197117
Greiller, C.L. and Martineau, A.R. (2015) Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D. Nutrients, 7, 4240-4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064240
Souberbielle, J.C., Massart, C., Brailly-Tabard, S., Cavalier, E. and Chanson, P. (2016) Prevalence and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency in Healthy French Adults: The VARIETE Study. Endocrine, 53, 543-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-0960-3
Deyhimi, F., Arabieh, M. and Parvin, L. (2006) Optimization of the Emerson-Trinder Enzymatic Reaction by Response Surface Methodology. Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 24, 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242420600661943
Mitchell, F. (2020) Vitamin-D and COVID-19: Do Deficient Risk a Poorer Outcome? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology, 8, 570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30183-2
Sama, I.E., Ravera, A., Santema, B.T., van Goor, H., Ter Maaten, J.M., Cleland, J.G.F., Rienstra, M., Friedrich, A.W., Samani, N.J., Leong, L. Ng., Dickstein, K., Lang, C.C., Filippatos, G., Anker, S.D., Ponikowski, P., Metra, M., van Veldhuisen, D.J. and Voors, A.A. (2020) Circulating Plasma Concentrations of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in Men and Women with Heart Failure and Effects of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors. European Heart Journal, 41, 1810-1817. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa373
Zdrenghea, M.T., Makrinioti, H., Bagacean, C., Bush, A., Johnston, S.L. and Stanciu, L.A. (2017) Vitamin D Modulation of Innate Immune Responses to Respiratory Viral infections. Reviews in Medical Virology, 27, e1909. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1909
Kaufman, H.W., Niles, J., Kroll, M.H., Bi, C. and Holick, M.F. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 Positivity Rates Associated with Circulating 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels. PLoS ONE, 15, e0239252. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239252
Bouillon, R. (2020) Vitamin D Status in Africa Is Worse than in Other Continents. Lancet Global Health, 8, E20-E21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30492-9
Mogire, R.M., Mutua, A., Kimita, W., Kamau, W., Bejon, P., Pettifor J.M., Adeyemo, A., Williams, T.N. and Atkinson, S.H. (2020) Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Global Health, 8, E134-E142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30457-7
Laird, E., Rhodes, J. and Kenny, R.A. (2020) Vitamin D and Inflammation: Potential Implications for Severity of COVID-19. Iranian Medical Journal, 113, 81.
Leung, P.S. (2019) L’action modulatrice de la vitamine D sur le système rénine-angiotensine et la détermination de la résistance hépatique à l’insuline. Molecules, 24, 2479-2482.
Martín Gimenez, V.M., Inserra, F., Ferder L., García, J. and Manucha, W. (2020) Vitamin D Deficiency in African Americans Is Associated with a High Risk of Severe Disease and Mortality by SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Human Hypertension, 35, 378-380. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-020-00398-z
Vaduganathan, M., Vardeny, O., Michel, T., McMurray, J.J.V., Pfeffer, M.A. and Solomon, S.D. (2020) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with COVID-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1653-1659. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr2005760
de Mello Pinto, M., Silva, C., Sampaio, A., Baron, M., Sancho, A., Fortuny, E., Silva, L., Picariello, F. and de Carvalho, R. (2020) Photodynamic Therapy with Phthalomethyl D: Perspectives against SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 8, 104-116. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2020.810010