Brucellosis is a neglected tropical zoonotic disease that threatens the food production and public health sectors. It is of considerable animal welfare and economic importance and is underreported in most parts of the world, especially in developing countries like Cameroon. Brucellosis has been reported in cattle, other domestic animals and humans in Cameroon. The burden of the disease is unclear, and the awareness remains questionable. It became necessary for this review to be carried out to highlight the diagnostic approaches used to confirm brucellosis in animals and humans, disease epidemiology and risk factors for infection. So far, reports of brucellosis in previous studies have been based on serology only. Seroprevalence data of Brucella antibodies in animals indicate the risk of human brucellosis in Cameroon. However, few investigations have been undertaken on human brucellosis, considering the different epidemiological settings. There is no report or unsuccessful attempts to identify Brucella species circulating in Cameroon. It could largely be attributed to a lack of standard laboratories for testing and the lack of consumables. The way forward will require a surveillance system for brucellosis in the country, educating all sectors affected and drafting a diagnostic protocol for high-risk individuals.
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