Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT): Historical Perspectives, Expanding Therapeutic Applications, and Future Prospects in Human Health — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT): Historical Perspectives, Expanding Therapeutic Applications, and Future Prospects in Human Health
Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
,
Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
,
Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
,
Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
,
Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
,
Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
,
Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
,
Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
,
Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
,
Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
1 Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
2 Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
3 Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
4 Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
5 Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
6 Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
7 Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
8 Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
9 Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
10 Department of Microbiology, IG-Nomix and StemRegenex Bio Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad, India
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has evolved from ancient Chinese medicine to a modern therapeutic intervention, gaining recognition in 1958 for treating pseudomembranous colitis. Today, recurrent Clostridioides diffic ile infection (rCDI) treatment is highly effective, and it has more than 90% success rate. Beyond rCDI, FMT shows promise in addressing metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, skin diseases, glaucoma and autism spectrum disorder, where it may enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy. However, challenges remain, including the lack of standardized protocols, donor-recipient matching complexities, long-term safety concerns, and ethical issues. Future advancements in personalized FMT, computational tools, and large-scale clinical trials are essential to overcome these limitations and expand its applications. This review highlights FMT’s transformative potential in modern medicine while emphasizing the need for rigorous research, standardized protocols, and innovative strategies to optimize its therapeutic benefits across diverse diseases.
Hou, K., Wu, Z.X., Chen, X.Y., Wang, J.Q., Zhang, D., Xiao, C., et al . (2022) Microbiota in Health and Diseases. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy , 7, Article No. 135. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00974-4
Mhanna, A., Martini, N., Hmaydoosh, G., Hamwi, G., Jarjanazi, M., Zaifah, G., et al . (2024) The Correlation between Gut Microbiota and Both Neurotransmitters and Mental Disorders: A Narrative Review. Medicine , 103, e37114. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037114
Fuhri Snethlage, C.M., Nieuwdorp, M. and Hanssen, N.M.J. (2021) Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in Endocrine Diseases and Obesity. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , 35, Article ID: 101483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2020.101483
Bicknell, B., Liebert, A., Borody, T., Herkes, G., McLachlan, C. and Kiat, H. (2023) Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences , 24, Article 9577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119577
Nicco, C., Paule, A., Konturek, P. and Edeas, M. (2020) From Donor to Patient: Collection, Preparation and Cryopreservation of Fecal Samples for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Diseases , 8, Article 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases8020009
Hou, S., Yu, J., Li, Y., Zhao, D. and Zhang, Z. (2025) Advances in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Gut Dysbiosis-Related Diseases. Advanced Science , 12, e2413197. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202413197
Kang, D.W., Adams, J.B., Coleman, D.M., Pollard, E.L., Maldonado, J., McDonough-Means, S., et al . (2019) Long-Term Benefit of Microbiota Transfer Therapy on Autism Symptoms and Gut Microbiota. Scientific Reports , 9, Article No. 5821. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42183-0
Liu, H., Li, J., Yuan, J., Huang, J. and Xu, Y. (2023) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Therapy for Treating Ulcerative Colitis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. BMC Microbiology , 23, Article No. 371. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-03107-1
Zecheng, L., Donghai, L., Runchuan, G., Yuan, Q., Qi, J., Yijia, Z., et al . (2023) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Obesity Metabolism: A Meta Analysis and Systematic Review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice , 202, Article ID: 110803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110803
Yang, R., Chen, Z. and Cai, J. (2023) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Emerging Applications in Autoimmune Diseases. Journal of Autoimmunity , 141, Article ID: 103038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103038
Mehra, A., Arora, G., Sahni, G., Kaur, M., Singh, H., Singh, B., et al . (2023) Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Pathogenesis to Potential Therapeutic Perspectives. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine , 13, 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2022.03.001
Biazzo, M. and Deidda, G. (2022) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as New Therapeutic Avenue for Human Diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine , 11, Article 4119. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144119
Lin, D.J., Hu, D.X., Wu, Q.T., Huang, L.G., Lin, Z.H., Xu, J.T., et al . (2025) Analysis of Influencing Factors of Washed Microbiota Transplantation in Treating Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Frontiers in Nutrition , 12, Article 1508381. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1508381
Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Borody, T.J. and Zhang, F. (2022) Encyclopedia of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Review of Effectiveness in the Treatment of 85 Diseases. Chinese Medical Journal , 135, 1927-1939. https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000002339
Zhang, X., Ishikawa, D., Nomura, K., Fukuda, N., Haraikawa, M., Haga, K., et al . (2022) Donor Screening Revisions of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Journal of Clinical Medicine , 11, Article 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11041055
Bénard, M.V., de Bruijn, C.M.A., Fenneman, A.C., Wortelboer, K., Zeevenhoven, J., Rethans, B., et al . (2022) Challenges and Costs of Donor Screening for Fecal Microbiota Transplantations. PLOS ONE , 17, e0276323. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276323
Ding, X., Zhou, J., Chai, Y., Yan, Z., Liu, X., Dong, Y., et al . (2022) A Metagenomic Study of the Gut Microbiome in PTB’s Disease. Microbes and Infection , 24, Article ID: 104893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104893
Mousa, W.K., Chehadeh, F. and Husband, S. (2022) Recent Advances in Understanding the Structure and Function of the Human Microbiome. Frontiers in Microbiolo gy , 13, Article 825338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.825338
Puig-Castellví, F., Pacheco-Tapia, R., Deslande, M., Jia, M., Andrikopoulos, P., Chechi, K., et al . (2023) Advances in the Integration of Metabolomics and Metagenomics for Human Gut Microbiome and Their Clinical Applications. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry , 167, Article ID: 117248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117248
Liu, T., Sun, Z., Yang, Z. and Qiao, X. (2023) Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Modulation of Host-Derived Peptides Formation: Focused on Host Defense Peptides. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy , 162, Article ID: 114586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114586
Wang, J.W., Kuo, C.H., Kuo, F.C., Wang, Y.K., Hsu, W.H., Yu, F.J., et al . (2019) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Review and Update. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association , 118, S23-S31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.08.011
Silen, E. and Kauvar, B. (1958) Fecal Enema as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Pseudomembranous. Surgery , 44, 854-859.
Tian, H., Wang, X., Fang, Z., Li, L., Wu, C., Bi, D., et al . (2024) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Clinical Practice: Present Controversies and Future Prospects. hLife , 2, 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlife.2024.01.006
Hoh, J.M. and Dhanashree, B. (2017) Antifungal Effect of Cow’s Urine Distillate on Candida Species. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine , 8, 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.04.009
Brown, K.A., Khanafer, N., Daneman, N. and Fisman, D.N. (2013) Meta-Analysis of Antibiotics and the Risk of Community-Associated Clostridium Difficile Infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , 57, 2326-2332. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02176-12
Borody, T.J., George, L., Andrews, P., Brandl, S., Noonan, S., Cole, P., et al . (1989) Bowel-Flora Alteration: A Potential Cure for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome? Medical Journal of Australia , 150, 604-604. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136704.x
Chen, C.C. and Chiu, C.H. (2022) Current and Future Applications of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Children. Biomedical Journal , 45, 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2021.11.004
Boicean, A., Birlutiu, V., Ichim, C., Anderco, P. and Birsan, S. (2023) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines , 11, Article 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041016
Sekirov, I., Russell, S.L., Antunes, L.C.M. and Finlay, B.B. (2010) Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease. Physiological Reviews , 90, 859-904. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00045.2009
Pargin, E., Roach, M.J., Skye, A., Papudeshi, B., Inglis, L.K., Mallawaarachchi, V., et al . (2023) The Human Gut Virome: Composition, Colonization, Interactions, and Impacts on Human Health. Frontiers in Microbiology , 14, Article 963173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.963173
Emencheta, S.C., Olovo, C.V., Eze, O.C., Kalu, C.F., Berebon, D.P., Onuigbo, E.B., et al . (2023) The Role of Bacteriophages in the Gut Microbiota: Implications for Human Health. Pharmaceutics , 15, Article 2416. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102416
Nayfach, S., Roux, S., Seshadri, R., Udwary, D., Varghese, N., Schulz, F., et al . (2021) A Genomic Catalog of Earth’s Microbiomes. Nature Biotechnology , 39, 499-509. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-0718-6
Średnicka, P., Roszko, M.Ł., Popowski, D., Kowalczyk, M., Wójcicki, M., Emanowicz, P., et al . (2023) Effect of in Vitro Cultivation on Human Gut Microbiota Composition Using 16S rDNA Amplicon Sequencing and Metabolomics Approach. Scientific Reports , 13, Article No. 3026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29637-2
Winston, J.A., Suchodolski, J.S., Gaschen, F., Busch, K., Marsilio, S., Costa, M.C., et al . (2024) Clinical Guidelines for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Companion Animals. Advances in Small Animal Care , 5, 79-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yasa.2024.06.006
Zain, N.M.M., ter Linden, D., Lilley, A.K., Royall, P.G., Tsoka, S., Bruce, K.D., et al . (2022) Design and Manufacture of a Lyophilised Faecal Microbiota Capsule Formulation to GMP Standards. Journal of Controlled Release , 350, 324-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.012
Wang, X., Zhao, D., Bi, D., Li, L., Tian, H., Yin, F., et al . (2025) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Transitioning from Chaos and Controversial Realm to Scientific Precision Era. Science Bulletin , 70, 970-985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2025.01.029
Novelle, M.G., Naranjo-Martínez, B., López-Cánovas, J.L. and Díaz-Ruiz, A. (2025) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, a Tool to Transfer Healthy Longevity. Ageing Res earch Reviews , 103, Article 102585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2024.102585
Papanicolas, L.E., Wang, Y., Choo, J.M., Gordon, D.L., Wesselingh, S.L. and Rogers, G.B. (2019) Optimisation of a Propidium Monoazide Based Method to Determine the Viability of Microbes in Faecal Slurries for Transplantation. Journal of Microbiological Methods , 156, 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.12.001
Pittayanon, R., Lau, J.T., Leontiadis, G.I., Tse, F., Yuan, Y., Surette, M., et al . (2020) Differences in Gut Microbiota in Patients with vs without Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review. Gastroenterology , 158, 930-946.e1. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.294
Rees, N.P., Shaheen, W., Quince, C., Tselepis, C., Horniblow, R.D., Sharma, N., et al . (2022) Systematic Review of Donor and Recipient Predictive Biomarkers of Response to Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. EBioMedicine , 81, Article ID: 104088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104088
Moayyedi, P., Surette, M.G., Kim, P.T., Libertucci, J., Wolfe, M., Onischi, C., et al . (2015) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Induces Remission in Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology , 149, 102-109.e6. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.001
Rossen, N.G., Fuentes, S., van der Spek, M.J., Tijssen, J.G., Hartman, J.H.A., Duflou, A., et al . (2015) Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial of Fecal Transplantation for Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology , 149, 110-118.e4. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.045
Paramsothy, S., Kamm, M.A., Kaakoush, N.O., Walsh, A.J., van den Bogaerde, J., Samuel, D., et al . (2017) Multidonor Intensive Faecal Microbiota Transplantation for Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial. The Lancet , 389, 1218-1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30182-4
Sood, A., Mahajan, R., Singh, A., Midha, V., Mehta, V., Narang, V., et al . (2019) Role of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation for Maintenance of Remission in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Pilot Study. Journal of Crohn ’ s and Colitis , 13, 1311-1317. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz060
Sokol, H., Landman, C., Seksik, P., Berard, L., Montil, M., Nion-Larmurier, I., e t al . (2020) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Maintain Remission in Crohn’s Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. Microbiome , 8, Article No. 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-0792-5
Pai, N., Popov, J., Hill, L., Hartung, E., Grzywacz, K., Moayyedi, P., et al . (2021) Results of the First Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis: Lessons, Limitations, and Future Prospects. Gastroenter ology , 161, 388-393.e3. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.067
Kong, L., Lloyd-Price, J., Vatanen, T., Seksik, P., Beaugerie, L., Simon, T., et al . (2021) Linking Strain Engraftment in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation with Maintenance of Remission in Crohn’s Disease. Gastroenterology , 159, 2193-2202.e5. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.045
Paramsothy, S., Nielsen, S., Kamm, M.A., Deshpande, N.P., Faith, J.J., Clemente, J.C., et al . (2019) Specific Bacteria and Metabolites Associated with Response to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology , 156, 1440-1454.e2. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.001
Jangi, S., Gandhi, R., Cox, L.M., Li, N., von Glehn, F., Yan, R., et al . (2016) Alterations of the Human Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis. Nature Communications , 7, Article No. 12015. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12015
Ghezzi, L., Cantoni, C., Pinget, G.V., Zhou, Y. and Piccio, L. (2021) Targeting the Gut to Treat Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation , 131, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci143774
Engen, P.A., Zaferiou, A., Rasmussen, H., Naqib, A., Green, S.J., Fogg, L.F., et al . (2020) Single-Arm, Non-Randomized, Time Series, Single-Subject Study of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology , 11, Article 978. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00978
Smolen, J.S., Aletaha, D. and McInnes, I.B. (2016) Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Lancet , 388, 2023-2038. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30173-8
Alpizar-Rodriguez, D., Lesker, T.R., Gronow, A., Gilbert, B., Raemy, E., Lamacchia, C., et al . (2019) Prevotella Copri in Individuals at Risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases , 78, 590-593. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214514
Zeng, J., Peng, L., Zheng, W., Huang, F., Zhang, N., Wu, D., et al . (2021) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report. Clinical Case Rep orts , 9, 906-909. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.3677
Durcan, L., O’Dwyer, T. and Petri, M. (2019) Management Strategies and Future Directions for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Adults. The Lancet , 393, 2332-2343. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30237-5
Tomofuji, Y., Maeda, Y., Oguro-Igashira, E., Kishikawa, T., Yamamoto, K., Sonehara, K., et al . (2021) Metagenome-Wide Association Study Revealed Disease-Specific Landscape of the Gut Microbiome of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Japanese. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases , 80, 1575-1583. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220687
Zhang, Y., Liu, Q., Yu, Y., Wang, M., Wen, C. and He, Z. (2020) Early and Short-Term Interventions in the Gut Microbiota Affects Lupus Severity, Progression, and Treatment in MRL/lpr Mice. Frontiers in Microbiology , 11, Article 628. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00628
Quattrin, T., Haller, M.J., Steck, A.K., Felner, E.I., Li, Y., Xia, Y., et al . (2020) Golimumab and Beta-Cell Function in Youth with New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine , 383, 2007-2017. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2006136
de Groot, P., Nikolic, T., Pellegrini, S., Sordi, V., Imangaliyev, S., Rampanelli, E., et al . (2021) Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Halts Progression of Human New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes in a Randomised Controlled Trial. Gut , 70, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322630
Kragsnaes, M.S., Sødergren, S.T., Kjeldsen, J., Horn, H.C., Munk, H.L., Pedersen, J.K., et al . (2021) Experiences and Perceptions of Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis Participating in a Trial of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Nested Qualitative Study. BMJ Open , 11, e039471. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039471
Fredrik, B. (2015) Insights into the Role of the Microbiome in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care , 38, 159-165.
Charach, G., Rabinovich, A., Argov, O., Weintraub, M. and Rabinovich, P. (2012) The Role of Bile Acid Excretion in Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease. International Journal of Vascular Medicine , 2012, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/949672
Lempainen, J., Laine, A., Hammais, A., Toppari, J., Simell, O., Veijola, R., et al . (2015) Non-HLA Gene Effects on the Disease Process of Type 1 Diabetes: From HLA Susceptibility to Overt Disease. Journal of Autoimmunity , 61, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2015.05.005
de Clercq, N.C., Frissen, M.N., Davids, M., Groen, A.K. and Nieuwdorp, M. (2019) Weight Gain after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Patient with Recurrent Underweight Following Clinical Recovery from Anorexia Nervosa. Psycho therapy and Psychosomatics , 88, 58-60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000495044
Tilg, H. and Kaser, A. (2011) Gut Microbiome, Obesity, and Metabolic Dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Investigation , 121, 2126-2132. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci58109
van Elburg, R.M., Uil, J.J., Kokke, F.T.M., Mulder, A.M., van de Broek, W.G.M., Mulder, C.J.J., et al . (1995) Repeatability of the Sugar-Absorption Test, Using Lactulose and Mannitol, for Measuring Intestinal Permeability for Sugars. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , 20, 184-188. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1995.tb11532.x
Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Clément, K. and Nieuwdorp, M. (2019) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Future Therapeutic Option for Obesity/Diabetes? Current Diabetes Reports , 19, Article No. 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1180-z
Kootte, R.S., Levin, E., Stroes, E.S.G., Groen, A.K., Nieuwdorp, M., Smits, L.P., et al . (2017) Clinical and Translational Report Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity after Lean Donor Feces in Metabolic Syndrome Is Driven by Baseline Intestinal Microbiota Composition. Cell Metabolism , 26, 611-619.
Witjes, J.J., Smits, L.P., Pekmez, C.T., Prodan, A., Meijnikman, A.S., Troelstra, M.A., et al . (2020) Donor Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Alters Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Obese Individuals with Steatohepatitis. Hepatology Communications , 4, 1578-1590. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1601
Singh, R., Nieuwdorp, M., ten Berge, I.J.M., Bemelman, F.J. and Geerlings, S.E. (2014) The Potential Beneficial Role of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in Diseases Other than Clostridium Difficile Infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infection , 20, 1119-1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12799
Rinott, E., Youngster, I., Yaskolka Meir, A., Tsaban, G., Zelicha, H., Kaplan, A., et al . (2021) Effects of Diet-Modulated Autologous Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Weight Regain. Gastroenterology , 160, 158-173.e10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.041
de Groot, P., Scheithauer, T., Bakker, G.J., Prodan, A., Levin, E., Khan, M.T., et al . (2020) Donor Metabolic Characteristics Drive Effects of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation on Recipient Insulin Sensitivity, Energy Expenditure and Intestinal Transit Time. Gut , 69, 502-512. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318320
Vrieze, A., Out, C., Fuentes, S., Jonker, L., Reuling, I., Kootte, R.S., et al . (2013) Vancomycin Decreases Insulin Sensitivity and Is Associated with Alterations in Intestinal Microbiota and Bile Acid Composition in Obese Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of Hepatology , 60, 824-831.
Vrieze, A., Nood, E.V., Holleman, F., Salojärvi, J., et al . (2012) Transfer of Intestinal Microbiota from Lean Donors Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome. Gastroenterology , 143, 913-916.
Yu, E.W., Gao, L., Stastka, P., et al . (2020) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Improvement of Metabolism in Obesity: The FMT-TRIM Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. PLOS Medicine , 17, e1003051.
Wu, M., Chen, X., Lu, Q. and Yao, X. (2024) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Heliyon , 10, e37432.
Mahmud, M.R., Akter, S., Tamanna, S.K., Mazumder, L., Esti, I.Z., Banerjee, S., et al . (2022) Impact of Gut Microbiome on Skin Health: Gut-Skin Axis Observed through the Lenses of Therapeutics and Skin Diseases. Gut Microbes , 14, Article ID: 2096995. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2022.2096995
Marrs, T., Jo, J., Perkin, M.R., Rivett, D.W., Witney, A.A., Bruce, K.D., et al . (2021) Gut Microbiota Development during Infancy: Impact of Introducing Allergenic Foods. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , 147, 613-621.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.042
Melli, L.C.F.L., Carmo-Rodrigues, M.S.D., Araújo-Filho, H.B., Mello, C.S., Tahan, S., Pignatari, A.C.C., et al . (2020) Gut Microbiota of Children with Atopic Dermatitis: Controlled Study in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. Allergologia et Immunopathologia , 48, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2019.08.004
Jiang, X., Liu, Z., Ma, Y., Miao, L., Zhao, K., Wang, D., et al . (2023) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Affects the Recovery of Ad-Skin Lesions and Enhances Gut Microbiota Homeostasis. International Immunopharmacology , 118, Article ID: 110005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110005.
Xiao, S., Zhang, G., Jiang, C., Liu, X., Wang, X., Li, Y., et al . (2021) Deciphering Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Corresponding Genetic and Metabolic Dysregulation in Psoriasis Patients Using Metagenomics Sequencing. Frontiers in Cellular and Inf ection Microbiology , 11, Article 605825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.605825
Sikora, M., Stec, A., Chrabaszcz, M., Knot, A., Waskiel-Burnat, A., Rakowska, A., et al . (2020) Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis: An Updated Review. Pathogens , 9, Article 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060463
Zákostelská, Z., Málková, J., Klimešová, K., Rossmann, P., Hornová, M., Novosádová, I., et al . (2016) Intestinal Microbiota Promotes Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation by Enhancing Th17 Response. PLOS ONE , 11, e0159539. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159539
Zanvit, P., Konkel, J.E., Jiao, X., Kasagi, S., Zhang, D., Wu, R., et al . (2015) Antibiotics in Neonatal Life Increase Murine Susceptibility to Experimental Psoriasis. Nature Communications , 6, Article No. 8424. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9424
Moreno-Arrones, O.M., Serrano-Villar, S., Perez-Brocal, V., Saceda-Corralo, D., Morales-Raya, C., Rodrigues-Barata, R., et al . (2019) Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in Alopecia Areata: Identification of Bacterial Biomarkers. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology , 34, 400-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15885
Moon, J., Yoon, C.H., Choi, S.H. and Kim, M.K. (2020) Can Gut Microbiota Affect Dry Eye Syndrome? International Journal of Molecular Sciences , 21, Article 8443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228443
Schaefer, L., Trujillo-Vargas, C.M., Midani, F.S., Pflugfelder, S.C., Britton, R.A. and de Paiva, C.S. (2022) Gut Microbiota from Sjögren Syndrome Patients Causes Decreased T Regulatory Cells in the Lymphoid Organs and Desiccation-Induced Corneal Barrier Disruption in Mice. Frontiers in Medicine , 9, Article 852918. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.852918
de Paiva, C.S., Jones, D.B., Stern, M.E., Bian, F., Moore, Q.L., Corbiere, S., et al . (2016) Altered Mucosal Microbiome Diversity and Disease Severity in Sjögren Syndrome. Scientific Reports , 6, Article No. 23561. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23561
Mendez, R., Watane, A., Farhangi, M., Cavuoto, K.M., Leith, T., Budree, S., et al . (2020) Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in Individuals with Sjögren’s Syndrome. Microbial Cell Factories , 19, Article No. 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01348-7
Mandl, T., Marsal, J., Olsson, P., Ohlsson, B. and Andréasson, K. (2017) Severe Intestinal Dysbiosis Is Prevalent in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome and Is Associated with Systemic Disease Activity. Arthritis Research & Therapy , 19, Article No. 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-017-1446-2
Watane, A., Cavuoto, K.M., Rojas, M., Dermer, H., Day, J.O., Banerjee, S., et al . (2022) Fecal Microbial Transplant in Individuals with Immune-Mediated Dry Eye. Americ an Journal of Ophthalmology , 233, 90-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2021.06.022
Consolandi, C., Turroni, S., Emmi, G., Severgnini, M., Fiori, J., Peano, C., et al . (2015) Behçet’s Syndrome Patients Exhibit Specific Microbiome Signature. A utoimmunity Reviews , 14, 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.009
Shimizu, J., Kubota, T., Takada, E., Takai, K., Fujiwara, N., Arimitsu, N., et al . (2016) Bifidobacteria Abundance-Featured Gut Microbiota Compositional Change in Patients with Behcet’s Disease. PLOS ONE , 11, e0153746. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153746
Oezguen, N., Yalcinkaya, N., Kücükali, C.I., Dahdouli, M., Hollister, E.B., Luna, R.A., et al . (2019) Microbiota Stratification Identifies Disease-Specific Alterations in Neuro-Behçet’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology , 37, 58-66.
van der Houwen, T.B., van Laar, J.A.M., Kappen, J.H., van Hagen, P.M., de Zoete, M.R., van Muijlwijk, G.H., et al . (2020) Behçet’s Disease under Microbiotic Surveillance? A Combined Analysis of Two Cohorts of Behçet’s Disease Patients. Frontiers in Immunology , 11, Article 1192. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01192
Tecer, D., Gogus, F., Kalkanci, A., Erdogan, M., Hasanreisoglu, M., Ergin, Ç., et al . (2020) Succinivibrionaceae Is Dominant Family in Fecal Microbiota of Behçet’s Syndrome Patients with Uveitis. PLOS ONE , 15, e0241691. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241691
Ebrahimi, R., Farsi, Y. and Nejadghaderi, S.A. (2024) Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Glaucoma; A Potential Emerging Treatment Strategy. Current Research in M icrobial Sciences , 7, Article ID: 100314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100314
Kim, J.M., Kim, S.H., Park, K.H., Han, S.Y. and Shim, H.S. (2011) Investigation of the Association Betweenhelicobacter Pyloriinfection and Normal Tension Glaucoma. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science , 52, 665-668. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6096
Gong, H., Zhang, S., Li, Q., Zuo, C., Gao, X., Zheng, B., et al . (2020) Gut Microbiota Compositional Profile and Serum Metabolic Phenotype in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Experimental Eye Research , 191, Article ID: 107921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2020.107921
Chang, C.J., Somohano, K., Zemsky, C., Uhlemann, A., Liebmann, J., Cioffi, G.A., et al . (2022) Topical Glaucoma Therapy Is Associated with Alterations of the Ocular Surface Microbiome. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science , 63, Article 32. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.63.9.32
Shin, J.H., Lee, J., Lim, S., Yoon, B.W., Lee, Y. and Seo, J.H. (2022) The Microbiomes of the Eyelid and Buccal Area of Patients with Uveitic Glaucoma. BMC Ophthalmology , 22, Article No. 170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02395-x
Lee, J.W., Lim, S.H., Shin, J.H., Lee, Y. and Seo, J.H. (2022) Differences in the Eyelid and Buccal Microbiome between Open‐Angle Glaucoma and Uveitic Glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmologica , 100, e770-e778. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14967
Deng, Y., Ge, X., Li, Y., Zou, B., Wen, X., Chen, W., et al . (2021) Identification of an Intraocular Microbiota. Cell Discovery , 7, Article No. 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-021-00245-6
Yoon, B.W., Lim, S.H., Shin, J.H., Lee, J.W., Lee, Y. and Seo, J.H. (2021) Analysis of Oral Microbiome in Glaucoma Patients Using Machine Learning Prediction Models. Journal of Oral Microbiology , 13, Article 1962125. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2021.1962125
Pasquale, L.R., Hyman, L., Wiggs, J.L., Rosner, B.A., Joshipura, K., McEvoy, M., et al . (2016) Prospective Study of Oral Health and Risk of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Men. Ophthalmology , 123, 2318-2327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.014
Baim, A.D., Movahedan, A., Farooq, A.V. and Skondra, D. (2018) The Microbiome and Ophthalmic Disease. Experimental Biology and Medicine , 244, 419-429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370218813616
Andary, C.M., Al, K.F., Chmiel, J.A., Gibbons, S., Daisley, B.A., Parvathy, S.N., et al . (2024) Dissecting Mechanisms of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Efficacy in Disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine , 30, 209-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2023.12.005
Zhang, X., Luo, X., Tian, L., Yue, P., Li, M., Liu, K., et al . (2023) The Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Regulation by Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Umbrella Review. Frontiers in Microbiology , 14, Article 1286429. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1286429
Spindelboeck, W., Halwachs, B., Bayer, N., Huber-Krassnitzer, B., et al . (2018) Antibiotic Use and Ileocolonic Immune Cells in Patients Receiving Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Refractory Intestinal GvHD: A Prospective Cohort Study. Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy , 9, 259-261.
Dahiya, M., Jovel, J., Monaghan, T., Wong, K., Elhenawy, W., Chui, L., et al . (2023) In Silico Analysis of Changes in Predicted Metabolic Capabilities of Intestinal Microbiota after Fecal Microbial Transplantation for Treatment of Recurrent Clostridioides Difficile Infection. Microorganisms , 11, Article 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041078
Zysset-Burri, D.C., Morandi, S., Herzog, E.L., Berger, L.E. and Zinkernagel, M.S. (2023) The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Eye Diseases. Progress in Retinal and Eye Re search , 92, Article ID: 101117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101117
Chen, S., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Li, F., Chen, Y., Fang, X., et al . (2022) Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiome Contributes to Glaucoma Pathogenesis. MedComm — Future Medicine , 1, e28. https://doi.org/10.1002/mef2.28
Zmora, N., Suez, J. and Elinav, E. (2018) You Are What You Eat: Diet, Health and the Gut Microbiota. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology , 16, 35-56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-018-0061-2
Zhang, F., Luo, W., Shi, Y., Fan, Z. and Ji, G. (2012) Should We Standardize the 1700-Year-Old Fecal Microbiota Transplantation? American Journal of Gastroenterology , 107, 1755. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2012.251
Luczynski, P., McVey Neufeld, K., Oriach, C.S., Clarke, G., Dinan, T.G. and Cryan, J.F. (2016) Growing up in a Bubble: Using Germ-Free Animals to Assess the Influence of the Gut Microbiota on Brain and Behavior. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology , 19, pyw020. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyw020
Cryan, J.F., Riordan, K.J.O., Cowan, C.S.M., Sandhu, K.V., Bastiaanssen, T.F.S., Boehme, M., et al . (2019) The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiological Reviews , 99, 1877-2013.
Allen, A.P., Hutch, W., Borre, Y.E., Kennedy, P.J., Temko, A., Boylan, G., et al . (2016) Bifidobacterium Longum 1714 as a Translational Psychobiotic: Modulation of Stress, Electrophysiology and Neurocognition in Healthy Volunteers. Translational Psychiatry , 6, e939. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.191
Desbonnet, L., Clarke, G., O’Sullivan, O., Cotter, P.D., Dinan, T.G. and Cryan, J.F. (2015) Re: Gut Microbiota Depletion from Early Adolescence in Mice: Implications for Brain and Behaviour. Brain , Behavior , and Immunity , 50, 335-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.011
Haba, R., Shintani, N., Onaka, Y., Wang, H., Takenaga, R., Hayata, A., et al . (2012) Lipopolysaccharide Affects Exploratory Behaviors toward Novel Objects by Impairing Cognition and/or Motivation in Mice: Possible Role of Activation of the Central Amygdala. Behavioural Brain Research , 228, 423-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.027
Kastin, J. and Pan, W. (2010) Concepts for Biologically Active Peptides. Current Pharmaceutical Design , 16, 3390-3400. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161210793563491
Fiorentino, M., Sapone, A., Senger, S., Camhi, S.S., Kadzielski, S.M., Buie, T.M., et al . (2016) Blood-Brain Barrier and Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Alterations in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Molecular Autism , 7, Article No. 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0110-z
Liu, F., Li, J., Wu, F., Zheng, H., Peng, Q. and Zhou, H. (2019) Altered Composition and Function of Intestinal Microbiota in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review. Translational Psychiatry , 9, Article No. 43. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0389-6
Shin, N., Whon, T.W. and Bae, J. (2015) Proteobacteria: Microbial Signature of Dysbiosis in Gut Microbiota. Trends in Biotechnology , 33, 496-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.06.011
Xu, M., Xu, X., Li, J. and Li, F. (2019) Association between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psyc hiatry , 10, Article 473. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00473
Wang, L., Christophersen, C.T., Sorich, M.J., Gerber, J.P., Angley, M.T. and Conlon, M.A. (2013) Increased Abundance of Sutterella spp. and Ruminococcus torques in Feces of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Molecular Autism , 4, Article No. 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-4-42
Iglesias-Vázquez, L., Van Ginkel Riba, G., Arija, V. and Canals, J. (2020) Composition of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients , 12, Article 792. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030792
Finegold, S.M., Dowd, S.E., Gontcharova, V., Liu, C., Henley, K.E., Wolcott, R.D., et al . (2010) Pyrosequencing Study of Fecal Microflora of Autistic and Control Children. Anaerobe , 16, 444-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.06.008
Golubeva, A.V., Joyce, S.A., Moloney, G., Burokas, A., Sherwin, E., Arboleya, S., et al . (2017) Microbiota-Related Changes in Bile Acid & Tryptophan Metabolism Are Associated with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Autism. EBioMedicine , 24, 166-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.020
Kang, D.W., Park, J.G., Ilhan, Z.E., Wallstrom, G., LaBaer, J., Adams, J.B., et al . (2013) Reduced Incidence of Prevotella and Other Fermenters in Intestinal Microflora of Autistic Children. PLOS ONE , 8, e68322. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068322
Shimmura, C., Suda, S., Tsuchiya, K.J., Hashimoto, K., Ohno, K., Matsuzaki, H., et al . (2011) Alteration of Plasma Glutamate and Glutamine Levels in Children with High-Functioning Autism. PLOS ONE , 6, e25340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025340
MacFabe, D.F. (2012) Short-Chain Fatty Acid Fermentation Products of the Gut Microbiome: Implications in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease , 23, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v23i0.19260
Kang, D., Adams, J.B., Coleman, D.M., Pollard, E.L., Maldonado, J., McDonough-Means, S., et al . (2019) Long-Term Benefit of Microbiota Transfer Therapy on Autism Symptoms and Gut Microbiota. Scientific Reports , 9, Article No. 5821. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42183-0
Frye, R.E., Slattery, J., MacFabe, D.F., Allen-Vercoe, E., Parker, W., Rodakis, J., et al . (2015) Approaches to Studying and Manipulating the Enteric Microbiome to Improve Autism Symptoms. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease , 26, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.26878
Cammarota, G., Ianiro, G., Tilg, H., Rajilić-Stojanović, M., Kump, P., Satokari, R., et al . (2017) European Consensus Conference on Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in Clinical Practice. Gut , 66, 569-580. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313017
Bénard, M.V., de Bruijn, C.M.A., Fenneman, A.C., Wortelboer, K., Zeevenhoven, J., Rethans, B., et al . (2022) Challenges and Costs of Donor Screening for Fecal Microbiota Transplantations. PLOS ONE , 17, e0276323. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276323
Wang, B., Yao, M., Lv, L., Ling, Z. and Li, L. (2017) The Human Microbiota in Health and Disease. Engineering , 3, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2017.01.008
Metselaar, S. and Widdershoven, G. (2017) Ethical Issues in Fecal Microbiota Transplantion: Taking into Account Identity and Family Relations. The American Journal of Bioethics , 17, 53-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2017.1299245
Rutering, J., Ilmer, M., Recio, A., Coleman, M., Vykoukal, J., Alt, E., et al . (2014) Metabolites Produced by Commensal Bacteria Promote Peripheral Regulatory T Cell Generation. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology , 35, 320-330.