Hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes many cases of oyster- or clam-associated gastroenteritis in various countries. HAV was detected on oyster by RT-PCR in 19.6% (11/56) in Korea. The percentages of HAV-positive samples in 2011 and 2012 were 27.6% and 11.1%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that several nucleotide sequences highly similar to those of HAVs isolated in this study. Phylogenetic analysis of the coding regions of the viral protein VP4/VP2 revealed that all amplicons were classi?ed into IA genogroup. It will provide useful data that aids in our understanding circulating HAVs and may contribute to future control.
KeywordsHAVOysterIA Genogroup
Fuentes, C., Guix, S., Pérez-Rodriguez, F.J., Fuster, N., Carol, M., Pintó, R.M. and Bosch, A. (2014) Standardized Multiplex One-Step qRT-PCR for Hepatitis A Virus, Norovirus GI and GII Quantification in Bivalve Mollusks and Water. Food Microbiology, 40, 55-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2013.12.003
Bosch, A., Sanchez, G., Abbaszadegan, M., Carducci, A., Guix, S., Le Guyader, F.S., Netshikweta, R., Pinto, R.M., van der Poel, W.H.M., Rutjes, S., Sano, D., Taylor, M.B., van Zyl, W.B., Lazaro, D.R., Kovac, K. and Sellwood, J. (2011) Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food. Food Analytical Methods, 4, 4-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-010-9161-5
Koopmans, M., von Bonsdorff, C.H., Vinjé, J., de Medici, D. and Monroe, S. (2002) Foodborne Viruses. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 26, 187-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00610.x
Fiore, A.E. (2004) Hepatitis A Transmitted by Food. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38, 705-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/381671
Namsai, A., Louisirirotchanakul, S., Wongchinda, N., Siripanyaphinyo, U., Virulhakul, P., Puthavathana, P., Myint, K.S., Gannarong, M. and Ittapong, R. (2011) Surveillance of Hepatitis A and E Viruses Contamination in shellfish in Thailand. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 53, 608-613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03152.x
Lim, J., Song, Y.J., Park, W.S., Sohn, H., Lee, M.S., Shin, D.H., Kim, C.B., Kim, H., Oh, G.J. and Ki, M. (2014) The immunogenicity of a Single Dose of hepatitis A virus vaccines (Havrix and Epaxal) in Korean Young Adults. Yonsei Medical Journal, 55, 126-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2014.55.1.126
Sohn, Y.M., Rho, H.O. and Park, M.S. (2000) The Changing Epidemiology and Hepatitis A on Children and the Consideration of Active Immunization in Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal, 41, 34-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2000.41.1.34
Kang, J.H., Lee, K.Y., Kim, C.H. and Sim, D. (2004) Changing Hepatitis A Epidemiology and the Need for Vaccination in Korea. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology, 22, 237-242.
Song, M.H., Lim, Y.S., Song, T.J., Choi, J.M., Kim, J.I., Jun, J.B., Kim, M.Y., Pyun, D.K., Lee, H.C., Jung, Y.H., Lee, Y.S. and Suh, D.J. (2005) The Etiology of Acute Viral Hepatitis for the Last 3 Years. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 68, 256-260.
Lee, T.H., Kim, S.M., Lee, G.S., Im, E.H., Huh, K.C., Choi, Y.W. and Kang, Y.W. (2006) Clinical Features of Acute Hepatitis A in the Western Part of Daejeon and Chungnam Province; Single Center Experience. The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology, 47, 136-143.
Jothikumar, N., Lowther, J.A., Henshilwood, K., Lees, D.N., Hill, V.R. and Vinjé, J. (2005) Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Noroviruses by Using TaqMan-Based One-Step Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays and Application to Naturally Contaminated Shellfish Samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 1870-1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.4.1870-1875.2005
Kim, S.H., Cheon, D.S., Kim, J.H., Lee, D.H., Jheong, W.H., Heo, Y.J., Chung, H.M., Jee, Y. and Lee, J.S. (2005) Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis That Occurred during School Excursions in Korea Were Associated with Several Waterborne Strains of Norovirus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 4836-4839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.9.4836-4839.2005
Belliot, G., Laveran, H. and Monroe, S.S. (1997) Detection and Genetic Differentiation of Human Astroviruses: Phylogenetic Grouping Varies by Coding Region. Archives of Virology, 142, 1323-1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050163
Yan, H., Yagyu, F., Okitsu, S., Nishio, O. and Ushijima, H. (2003) Detection of Norovirus (GI, GII), Sapovirus and Astrovirus in Fecal Samples Using Reverse Transcription Single-Round Multiplex PCR. Journal of Virological Methods, 114, 37-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.08.009
Hussain, Z., Das, B.C., Husain, S.A., Asim, M., Chattopadhyay, S., Malik, A., Poovorawan, Y., Theamboonlers, A. and Kar, P. (2005) Hepatitis A Viral Genotypes and Clinical Relevance: Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus Isolates from Northern India. Hepatology Research, 32, 16-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres.2005.01.014
Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. and Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) Software Version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 1596-1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm092
Lees, D. (2010) International Standardization of a Method for Detection of Human Pathogenic Viruses in Molluscan. Food and Environmental Virology, 2, 146-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-010-9042-5
Jaykus, L.A., Hemard, M.T. and Sobsey, M.D. (1994) Human Enteric Pathogenic Viruses. In: Hackney, C.R. and Pierson, M.D., Eds., Environmental Indicators and Shellfish Safety, Chapman and Hall, New York, 92-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2035-1_3
Shieh, Y.S.C., Monroe, S.S., Frankhauser, R.L., Langlois, G.W., Burkhardt, W. and Baric, R.S. (2000) Detection of Norwalk-Like Viruses in Shellfish Implicated in Illness. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 181, 360-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315578
Widdowson, M.A., Cramer, E.H., Hadley, L., Bresee, J.S., Beard, R.S., Bulens, S.N., Charles, M., Chege, W., Isakbaeva, E., Wright, J.G., Mintz, E., Forney, D., Massey, J., Glass, R.I. and Monroe, S.S. (2004) Outbreaks of Acute Gastroenteritis Oncruise Ships and on Land: Identification of a Predominant Circulating Strain of Norovirus—United States. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 190, 27-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/420888
Seo, J.Y., Choi, B.Y., Ki, M., Jang, H.L., Park, H.S., Son, H.J., Bae, S.H., Kang, J.H., Jun, D.W., Lee, J.W., Hong, Y.J., Kim, Y.S., Kim, C.H., Chang, U.I., Kim, J.H., Yang, H.W., Kim, H.S., Park, K.B., Hwang, J.S., Heo, J., Kim, I.H., Kim, J.S. and Cheon, G.J. (2013) Risk Factors for Acute Hepatitis a Infection in Korea in 2007 and 2009: A Case-Control Study. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 28, 908-914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2013.28.6.908
Tosti, M.E., Spada, E., Romanò, L., Zanetti, A. and Mele, A., SEIEVA Collaborating Group (2008) Acute Hepatitis A in Italy: Incidence, Risk Factors and Preventive Measures. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 15, 26-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.01025.x
Koopmans, M. and Duizer, E. (2004) Foodborne Viruses: An Emerging Problem. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 90, 23-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00169-7
Widdowson, M.A., Sulka, A., Bulens, S.N., Beard, R.S., Chaves, S.S., Hammond, R., Salehi, E.D., Swanson, E., Totaro, J., Woron, R., Mead, P.S., Bresee, J.S., Monroe, S.S. and Glass, R.I. (2005) Norovirus and Foodborne Disease, United States, 1991-2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11, 95-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1101.040426
Chironna, M., Germinario, C., De Medici, D., Fiore, A., Di Pasquale, S., Quarto, M. and Barbuti, S. (2002) Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Mussels from Different Sources Marketed in Puglia Region (South Italy). International Journal of Food Microbiology, 75, 11-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00743-7
Romalde, J.L., Area, E., Sánchez, G., Ribao, C., Torrado, I., Abad, X., Pintó, R.M., Barja, J.L. and Bosch, A. (2002) Prevalence of Enterovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Bivalve Molluscs from Galicia (NW Spain): Inadequacy of the EU Standards of Microbiological Quality. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 74, 119-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(01)00744-9
Le Guyader, F., Haugarreau, L., Miossec, L., Dubois, E. and Pommepuy, M. (2000) Three-Year Study to Assess Human Enteric Viruses in Shellfish. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 3241-3428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.8.3241-3248.2000
Bellou, M., Kokkinos, P. and Vantarakis, A. (2013) Shellfish-Borne Viral Outbreaks: A Systematic Review. Food Environmental Virology, 5, 13-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6
Ha, J.H., Choi, C. and Ha, S.D. (2014) Evaluation of Immunomagnetic Separation Method for the Recovery of Hepatitis A Virus and GI.1 and GII.4 Norovirus Strains Seeded on Oyster and Mussel. Food Environmental Virology, 6, 290-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-014-9156-2
Lees, D. (2000) Viruses and Bivalve Shellfish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 49, 81-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00248-8
Ko, S.M., Vaidya, B., Kwon, J., Lee, H.M., Oh, M.J., Shin, T.S., Cho, S.Y. and Kim, D. (2015) Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Seeded Oyster Digestive Tissue by Ricin A-Linked Magnetic Separation Combined with Reverse Transcription PCR. Journal of Food Protection, 78, 1046-1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-540
Croci, L., De Medici, D., Morace, G., Fiore, A., Scalfaro, C., Beneduce, F. and Toti, L. (1999) Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Shellfish by Nested Reverse Transcription-PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 48, 67-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00028-8
Ishii, K., Kiyohara, T., Yoshizaki, S., Wakita, T., Shimada, T., Nakamura, N., Nakashima, K., Tada, Y. and Noda, M. (2012) Epidemiological and Genetic Analyses of a Diffuse Outbreak of Hepatitis A in Japan, 2010. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 53, 219-224.
Li, K.K., Penrice, G.M. and Gunson, R.N. (2015) An Outbreak of Hepatitis A Virus Associated with a Multi-National Inner-City Nursery in Glasgow, Scotland. Journal of Clinical Virology, 69, 12-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2015.05.011
Yun, H., Kim, S., Lee, H., Byun, K.S., Kwon, S.Y., Yim, H.J., Lim, Y.S., Jeong, S.H. and Jee, Y. (2008) Genetic Analysis of HAV Strains Isolated from Patients with Acute Hepatitis in Korea, 2005-2006. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 80, 777-784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21127
Lee, A.R., Lee, S.G., Kang, L.H., Jheong, W.H. and Paik, S.Y. (2013) Full-Length Genomic Sequence of Subgenotype IIIA Hepatitis A Virus Isolate in Republic of Korea. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2013, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/426034
Pahil, S., Goyal, K. and Singh, M.P. (2015) Hepatitis A Outbreaks. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15, 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00022-5
Iaconelli, M., Purpari, G., Libera, S.D., Petricca, S., Guercio, A., Ciccaglione, A.R., Bruni, R., Taffon, S., Equestre, M., Fratini, M., Muscillo, M. and La Rosa, G. (2015) Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Wastewaters, in River Waters, and in Bivalve Molluscs in Italy. Food Environmental Virology, 7, 316-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-015-9207-3
Faber, M.S., Stark, K., Behnke, S.C., Schreier, E. and Frank, C. (2009) Epidemiology of Hepatitis A Virus Infections, Germany, 2007-2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15, 1760-1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1511.090214
Nejati, A., Makvandi, M., Samarbafzadeh, A., Neisi, N. and Moradzadegan, H. (2012) Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis A Virus in Patients in the Ahwaz Region of Iran. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 84, 582-586.
Normann, A., Badur, S., Onel, D., Kilic, A., Sidal, M., Larouzé, B., Massari, V., Müller, J. and Flehmig, B. (2008) Acute Hepatitis A Virus Infection in Turkey. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 80, 785-790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21137
No Authors Listed (2012) WHO Position Paper on Hepatitis A Vaccines—June 2012. The Weekly Epidemiological Record, 87, 261-276.
Bosch, A., Sánchez, G., Le Guyader, F., Vanaclocha, H., Haugarreau, L. and Pintó, R.M. (2001) Human Enteric Viruses in Coquina Clams Associated with a Large Hepatitis A Outbreak. Water Science and Technology, 43, 61-65.
Conaty, S., Bird, P., Bell, G., Kraa, E., Grohmann, G. and McAnulty, J.M. (2000) Hepatitis A in New South Wales, Australia from Consumption of Oysters: The First Reported Outbreak. Epidemiology and Infection, 124, 121-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268899003386
Shieh, Y.C., Khudyakov, Y.E., Xia, G., Ganova-Raeva, L.M., Khambaty, F.M., Woods, J.W., Veazey, J.E., Motes, M.L., Glatzer, M.B., Bialek, S.R. and Fiore, A.E. (2007) Molecular Confirmation of Oysters as the Vector for Hepatitis A in a 2005 Multistate Outbreak. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 145-150.
Cheong, H.J. (2011) Vaccination Necessary for Korean Adults. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 54, 1289-1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2011.54.12.1289