Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is a gram negative bacterium which can infect humans and animals. It’s commensal as a normal flora of the nasopharynx and tonsils in cattle, sheep and goats, pneumonic pasteurellosis is one of the most economically important infectious disease in goats worldwide prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of M. haemolytica by bacteriological and molecular characterization in goats. One hundred nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from apparently healthy field goats, seven lung tissue specimens and five nasal mucus swabs from slaughtered goats in Baghdad. All samples were cultured on Blood and MacConky agars. Biochemical tests and EPI20E kit were used for identification of the suspected colonies. 5 (4.46%) isolates of M. haemolytica were identified phenotypicaly and confirmed diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using two primers 16s rRNA and 12s rRNA genes .The results of this study concluded that identification of M. haemolytica by PCR was in accordance with those of phenotypic tests and it providing the basis for effective preventative strategies through epidemiological studies performance.
Glimour, N.J.L. (1993) Pasteurellosis: The Disease in Production Animal. 43, 79-82.
Acha, P.N. and Szyfres, B. (2003) Zoonoses and Communicable Disease, Common to Man and Animals. 3rd Edition, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, Scientific and Technical Publication No. 580, 1-2.
Chamberland, R.R., Tekippe, M.E., Burnham, D.C. and Kennedy, J.D. (2013) Renal Abscess Caused by a Providencia stuartii Isolate Biochemically Misidentified as Pateurella. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 51, 2775–2777.
Darmoul, M., Ben Nsir, A., Kilani, M. and Hattab, N.M. (2014) Hematogenous Pasteurella haemolytica Brain Abscess. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 5, 287-289. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.133608
Punpanich, W. and Srijuntongsiri, S. (1998) Pasteurella haemolytica Septicemia in an Infant: A Case Report. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 6, 584-587.
Mohamed, R.A. and Abdelsalam, E.B. (2008) A Review on Pneumonic Pasteurellosis (Respiratory Mannheimiosis) with Emphasis on Pathogenesis, Virulence Mechanisms and Predisposing Factors. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 11, 139-160.
Angen, O., Ahrens, P. and Bisgaard, M. (2002) Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) Haemolytica-Like Strains Isolated from Diseased Animals in Denmark. Veterinary Microbiology, 84, 103-114.
Salman, A.J. (1989) Bacterial Etiology and Pathological Change of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract in Sheep. A Thesis of Master, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad.
Al-Karagoll, A.J. (1992) Bacterial and Immunological Study on P. Haemolytica. A Thesis of Master, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad.
Al-Sultan, I.I. and Aitken, I.D. (1985) The Tonsillar Carriage of Pasteurella haemolytica in Lambs. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 951, 193-201.
Ahmed, W.A. (1996) Pathological and Bacteriological Study of Respiratory Diseases in Mountain Goats, Gazelles and Dears in a Social Sector Field. A Thesis of Master, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad.
Townsend, K.M., Frost, A.J., Lee, C.W., Papadimitriou, J.M. and Dawkins, H.J.S. (1998) Development of PCR Assays for Species- and Type-Specific Identification of Pasteurella multocida Isolates. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 1096-1100.
Corney, B.G., Diallo, I.S., Wright, L.L., Hewitson, G.R., De Jong, A.J., Burrell, P.C., Duffy, P.F., Stephens, C.P., Rodwell, B.J., Boyle, D.B. and Blackall, P.J. (2007) Pasteurella multocida Detection by 50 Taq Nuclease Assay: A New Tool for Use in Diagnosing Fowl Cholera. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 69, 376-380.
Sabiel, Y.A., Musa, M.T. and Ann, V.Z. (2012) Identification of Mannhemia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA. The Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research, 27, 55-59.
Alexander, W.T., Cook, S.R., Yanke, L.J., Booker, W.C., Morley, S.P., Read, R.R., Gow, P.S. and McAllister, A.T. (2008) A Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Identification of Mannheimia haemolytica, Mannheimia glucosida and Mannheimia ruminalis. Veterinary Microbiology, 130, 165-175.
Kumar, J., Dixit, K.S. and Kumar, R. (2015) Rapid Detection of Mannheimia haemolytica in Lung Tissues of Sheep and from Bacterial Culture. Veterinary World, 8, 1073-1077. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2015.1073-1077
Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., Hartigan, P., Fanning, S. and Fitz Patrick, E.S. (2011) Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. 2nd Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.
Donachie, W. (2008) The Disease of Sheep. 4th Edition, Blackwell, Oxford.
Mohamed, R.A. and Abdelsalam, E.B. (2008) A Review on Pneumonic Pasteurellosis (Respiratory Mannheim Iosis) with Emphasis on Pathogenesis, Virulence Mechanisms and Predisposing Factors. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 11, 3139-3160.
Ozbey, G., Kilic, A., Ertas, H.B. and Muz, A. (2004) Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica Strains Isolated from Cattle, Sheep and Goats. Veterinary Medicine-Czech, 49, 65-69.
Frank, G.H., Briggs, R.E., Loan, R.W., Purdy, C.W. and Zehr, E.S. (1994) Serotype-Specific Inhibition of Colonization of the Tonsils and Nasopharynx of Calves with Pasteurella Haemolytica Serotype A1 after Vaccination with the Organism. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 55, 1107-1110.
Black, P. (2009) World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) Perspectives on the Impact of Climate Change on Animal Health. In: DTU Workshop on Climate Changes and Food Safety and Animal Health, 3rd Edition, Copenhagen.
Gilmour, N.J.L. and Gilmour, J.S. (1989) Pasteurellosis of Sheep. In: Adlam, C. and Rutter, J.M., Eds., Pasteurella and Pasteurellosis, Academic Press, London, 223-262.
El-Dokmak, M.M., Khalil, S.A. and Ebied, S.K.M. (2015) Genetic Diversity of Mannheimia Haemolytica Strains. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 47, 166-174.
Abera, D., Sisay, T. and Birhanu, T. (2014) Isolation and Identification of Mannheimia and Pasteurella Species from Pneumonic and Apparently Healthy Cattle and Their Antibiogram Susceptibility Pattern in Bedelle District, Western Ethiopia. African Journal of Bacteriology Research, 6, 32-41.
Hawari, A.D., Hassawi, D.S. and Sweiss, M. (2008) Isolation and Identification of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in Sheep and Goats Using Biochemical Tests and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis. Journal of Biological Sciences, 8, 1251-1254. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2008.1251.1254
Saed, M., Khaliel, S., Abd El-Mageed, A. and Khalifa, E. (2015) Genome Sequences of Gcp Gene of Mannheimia haemolytica Serotypes A1 and A2 Associated with Respiratory Manifestation of Ruminant in Egypt. Global Veterinaria, 14, 142-148.
Gilmour, N.J.L., Thompson, D.A. and Fraser, J. (1974) The Recovery of Pasteurella haemolytica from the Tonsils of Adult Sheep. Research in Veterinary Science, 17, 413-414.
Smith, G.R. and Philips, J.E. (1990) Pasteurella and Actinobacillus. In: Parker, M.T. and Duerden, B.I., Eds., Topley and Wilson’s. Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunology, Vol. 2, 8th Edition, BC Decker Inc., Hamilton, 383-399.
Al-Tarazi, Y.H.M. and Dagnall, G.J.R. (1997) Nasal Carriage of Pasteurella haemolytica Serotypes by Sheep and Goats in Jordan. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 29, 177-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02633019
Kaoud, H., El-Dahshan, A.R., Zaki, M.M. and Nasr, S.A. (2010) Occurrence of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi among Ruminants in Egypt. New York Science Journal, 3, 5.
Tefera, G. and Smola, J. (2002) The Utility of Enterorapid 24 Kit for the Identification of P. Multocida and M. Haemolytica. Veterinary Medicine, 47, 99-103.
Smith, J.E. (1974) Genus Pasteurella. In: Buchanan, R.E. and Gibbons, N.E., Eds., Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 370-373.
MacFaddin, J.F. (2000) Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria. 3rd Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York.
Bisgaard, M. (1977) Incidence of Pasteurella haemolytica in the Respiratory Tract of Apparently Healthy Chickens and Chickens with Infectious Bronchitis. Characterization of 213 Strains. Avian Pathology, 6, 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457708418238
Angen, O., Mutters, R., Caugant, D.A, Olsen, J.E. and Bisgaard, M. (1999) Taxonomic Relationships of the Pasteurella haemolytica Complex as Evaluated by DNA-DNA Hybridizations and 16s Rrna Sequencing with Proposal of Mannheimia haemolytica gen. Nov., comb. Nov., Mannheimia granulomatis comb. Nov., Mannheimia glucosida sp. Nov., Mannheimia ruminalis sp. Nov. and Mannheimia varigena sp. Nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 1, 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-49-1-67
Rajini, R., Seshagiri, R.A., Dhanalakshmi, K. and Sarma, B.J.R. (1995) Studies on Avian Pasteurellosis in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Veterinary Journal, 72, 115-118.
Collins, M.T, Weaver, N. and Ellis, R.P. (1981) Identification of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica by API 20E, Minitek, and Oxi/Ferm Systems. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 3, 433-437.