This study was aimed to assess the adsorption and leaching potential of imidacloprid pesticide in column and field soil. To visibly understand these actions and factors affecting them, the experiments were carried out under laboratory and field conditions. Adsorption study was divided into kinetic and equilibrium sections. The evaluation of kinetic data was done through pseudo first and second order models. It was found that kinetic adsorption of imidacloprid on soil followed pseudo second order with rate constant value of 4.333 mg/g/h. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to explain equilibrium adsorption, from these isotherms it was evaluated that Freundlich isotherm was obeyed well with adsorption capacity of 2.190 - 4.573 mol/g. Leaching study was performed in laboratory using column made of poly-vinyl chloride having 30 cm length. Known amount of imidacloprid pesticide was applied to column left for adsorption and then eluted with 500 mL water in five equal portions. These water portions and soil of column which was divided into three sections were analyzed by HPLC. The result revealed that the concentration of imidacloprid was decreased from 0.481 ppm in first portion of water to 0.327 ppm in last portion of water while 0.783 ppm in first section of column soil to 0.038 ppm in last section of column soil. In field the leaching power of imidacloprid was observed up to 60 cm depth, its concentration decreased with soil depth. It was 3.311 ppm in first portion of soil and 0.357 ppm in last portion of soil. The leaching potential of imidacloprid pesticide up to 60 cm soil depth was due to less organic matter, sandy texture, alkaline pH, and low cation exchange capacity.
R. Nauen, H. Hungenberg, B. Tollo, K. Tietjen and A. Elbert, “Antifeedant Effect, Biological Efficacy and High Affinity Binding of Imidacloprid to Acetylcholine Receptors in Myzus Persicae and Myzus Nicotianae,” Pest Science, Vol. 53, No. 2, 1998, pp. 133-140.
M. Y. Liu, B. Latli and J. E. Casida, “Imidacloprid Binding Site in Musca Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: Interactions with Physostigmine and a Variety of Nicotinic Agonists with Chloropyridyl and Chlorothiazolyl Substituents,” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 52, No. 3, 1995, pp. 170-181. doi:10.1006/pest.1995.1042
C. TomLin, “The Pesticide Manual,” British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, 1999.
M. Tomizawa and J. E. Casida, “Neonicotinoid Insecticide Toxicology: Mechanisms of Selective Action,” Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2005, pp. 247-268. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930
T. L. McTier, N. A. Evans, M. Martin-Short and K. Gration, “Comparison of the Activity of Selamectin, Fipronil and Imidacloprid against Flea Larvae (Ctenocephalides felis Felis) in Vitro,” Veterinary Parasitology, Vol. 116, No. 1, 2003, pp. 45-50. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00163-8
M. W. Dryden, T. M. Denenberg and S. Bunch, “Control of Fleas on Naturally Infested Dogs and Cats and in Private Residences with Topical Spot Applications of Fip- ronil or Imidacloprid,” Veterinary Parasitology, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2000, pp. 69-75. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00318-6
V. Triantafyllidis, S. Manos, D. Hela, G. Manos and I. Konstantinou, “Persistence of Trifluralin in Soil of Oilseed Rape Fields in Western Greece,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 90, No. 3-6, 2010, pp. 344-356. doi:10.1080/03067310903094495
X. Y. Tang, B. Zhu and H. Katou, “A Review of Rapid Transport of Pesticides from Sloping Farmland to Surface Waters: Processes and Mitigation Strategies,” Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2012, pp. 351- 361. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60753-5
M. C. Vagi, A. S. Petsas, M. N. Kostopoulou and T. D. Lekkas, “Adsorption and Desorption Processes of the Organophosphorus Pesticides, Dimethoate and Fenthion, onto Three Greek Agricultural Soils,” International Jour- nal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 90, No. 3-6, 2010, pp. 369-389. doi:10.1080/03067310903194980
Md. Azharul Islam, V. Sakkas and T. Albanis, “Adsorption Desorption Study of Bromophos Methyl and Quina- lphos in Greek Soils,” International Journal of Environ- mental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 90, No. 3-6, 2010, pp. 357-368. doi:10.1080/03067310903194956
B. M. Gawlik, N. Sotiriou, E. A. Feicht, S. Schulte- Hostede and A. Kettrup, “Alternatives for the Determination of the Soil Adsorption Co-efficient Koc, of Non-Ionic Organic Compounds—A Review,” Chemosphere, Vol. 34, No. 12, 1997, pp. 2525-2551.
A. Walker, “A Simple Centrifugation Technique for the Extraction of Soil Solution to Permit Direct Measurement of Aqueous Phase Concentrations of Pesticide,” In: J. Cornejo and P. Jamet, Eds., Pesticide/Soil Interactions- Some Current Research Methods, Institute National De La Recherce Agronomique, Paris, 2000, pp. 173-178.
U. Baer and R. Calvet, “Fate of Soil Applied Herbicides: Experimental Data and Prediction of Dissipation Kinetics,” Journal of Environment Quality, Vol. 28, No. 6, 1999, pp. 1765-1777. doi:10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800060012x
L. Cox, W. C. Koskinen and P. Y. Yen, “Influence of Soil Properties on Sorption-Desorption of Imidacloprid,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Vol. B33, No. 2, 1998, pp. 123-134. doi:10.1080/03601239809373134
M. Oi, “Time-Dependent Sorption of Imidacloprid in Two Different Soils,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 1, 1999, pp. 327-332. doi:10.1021/jf980658k
W. Zheng and W. Liu, “Kinetics and Mechanism of the Hydrolysis of Imidacloprid,” Pesticide Science, Vol. 55, No. 4, 1999, pp. 482-485. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199904)55
S. K. Papiernik, W. C. Koskinen, L. Cox, P. J. Rice, S. A. Clay, N. R. Werdin-Pfisterer and K. Norberg, “Sorption-Desorption of Imidacloprid and Its Metabolites in Soil and Vadose Zone Materials,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 54, No. 21, 2006, pp. 8163-8170. doi:10.1021/jf061670c
L. Cox, W. C. Koskinen, R. Celis, P. Y. Yen, M. C. Hermosin and J. Cornejo, “Sorption of Imidacloprid on Soil Clay and Organic Components,” Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4, 1998, pp. 911-915. doi:10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200040009x
L. Cox, M. C. Hermosin, W. C. Koskinen and J. Cornejo, “Interactions of Imidacloprid with Organic- and Inorganic Exchanged Smectites,” Clay Minerals, Vol. 36, 2001, pp. 267-274. doi:10.1180/000985501750177997
A. S. Felsot, R. G. Evans and J. R. Ruppert, “Field Studies of Imidacloprid Distribution Following Application to Soil through a Drip Irrigation System,” In: E. L. Arthur, A. C. Barefoot, and V. E. Clay, Eds., Terrestrial Field Dissipation Studies: Purpose, Design, and Interpretation, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, Vol. 842, 2002, pp. 189-205.
R. C. Xuan, Q. Q. Wang, W. Zheng, H. J. Liu and W. P. Liu, “Study on the Adsorption of Imidacloprid in Soils and the Interaction Mechanism,” Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2000, pp. 198-201.
G. A. Ahmad, J. S. Ronald, S. K. Rai and J. C. David, “The Effect of Solvent Conditioning on Soil Organic Matter Sorption Affinity for Diuron and Phenanthrene,” Chem-osphere, Vol. 76, No. 8, 2009, pp. 1062-1066. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.027
O. P. Bansal, “The Effects of Composts on Adsorption- Desorption of Three Carbamate Pesticides in Different Soils of Aligarh District,” Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2010, pp. 155-158. doi:10.4314/jasem.v14i4.63305
A. Pusino, M. G. Fiori, I. Braschi and C. Gessa, “Adsorption and Desorption of Triasulfuron by Soil,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chem-istry, Vol. 51, No. 18, 2003, pp. 5350-5354. doi:10.1021/jf030105w
T. Paszko, “Sorptive Behavior and Kinetics of Carbendazim in Mineral Soils,” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2006, pp. 449-456.
L. Ping, C. Zhang, Y. Zhu, M. Wu, F. Dai, X. Hu, H. Zhao and Z. Li, “Imidacloprid Adsorption by Soils Treated with Humic Substances under Different pH and Temperature Conditions,” African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 9, No. 13, 2010, pp. 1935-1940.
A. J. Beck and K. C. Jones, “The Effects of Particle Size, Organic Matter, Crop Residues and Dissolved Organic Matter on the Sorption Kinetics of Atrazine and Isoproturon by Clay Soil,” Chemosphere, Vol. 32, No. 12, 1996, pp. 2345-2358.
M. Kumar and L. Philip, “Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics of Hydrophobic Pesticide Endosulfan in Four Indian Soils,” Chemosphere, Vol. 62, 2006, pp. 1064-1077. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.009
J. P. Gao, J. Maguhn, P. Spitzauer and A. Kettrup, “Sorption of Pesticides in the Sediment of the Teufelesweiher Pond (Southern Germany). I: Equilibrium Assessments, Effect of Organic Carbon Content and pH,” Water Research, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1998, pp. 1662-1672. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00377-1
J. D. Fernan-dez-Bayo, R. Nogales and E. Romero, “Eva- luation of the Sorption Process for Imidacloprid and Diuron in Eight Agricultural Soils from Southern Europe Using Various Kinetic Models,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 56, No. 13, 2008, pp. 5266- 5272. doi:10.1021/jf8004349
W. Liu, W. Zheng and J. Gan, “Competitive Sorption between Imidacloprid and Imidacloprid-Urea on Soil Clay Minerals and Humic Acids,” Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, Vol. 50, No. 23, 2002, pp. 6823-6827. doi:10.1021/jf0204194
M. S. Bilgili, “Adsorption of 4-Chlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions by xad-4 Resin: Iso-therm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Analysis,” Journal of Hazardous Material, Vol. 137, No. 1, 2006, pp. 157-164. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.005
Anonym, “Imidacloprid; Pesticide Tolerances,” Federal Register, Vol. 68, No. 114, 2003, pp. 35303-35315.