Two activated carbons with controlled pore size were prepared from Eucalyptus wood by physical activation with car bon dioxide, giving the BET surface area and pore volume of738 m 2 /g and0.39 cm 3 /g, and921 m 2 /g and0.53 cm 3 /g for the carbon sample AC1 and AC2, respectively. These activated carbons were then used to remove the residual dye left after the silk-dyeing process. The dye solution used for adsorption study was a cationic aluminium dye complex of [Al(brazilein) 2 ] + derived from a mixture of alum and extract of the heartwood of Ceasalpinia sappan Linn., with initial dye concentration of 220 mg/l. Effects of adsorbent dosage, adsorption time and temperature in the range of 25℃ 40℃ on dye adsorption were investigated. It was found that the adsorption kinetics of this dye complex was best de scribed by the pseudo-second order model. Adsorption isotherms of this dye complex were well fitted by Langmuir isotherm equation. The adsorption capacities for the uptake of this dye complex at 25℃, 30℃ and 40℃ were 718.7, 1240.4 and 1139.5 mg/g and 1010.5, 1586.1 and 1659.0 mg/g for carbon sample AC1 and AC2, respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that activated carbon containing a higher proportion of mesopores gave better dye re moval efficiency, emphasizing the fact that a proper pore size distribution of carbon adsorbent is crucial for the effect tive removal of relatively large size of the dye molecules. Thermodynamic parameters, including free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption , were also determined. The adsorption enthalp ies for the removal of this dye complex of AC1 and AC2 were 105.3 and 55.6 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that the adsorption is an endothermic process. It was found that the adsorption of this dye complex is spontaneous at the temperatures under investigation.
K. Wongsooksin, S. Rattanaphani, M. Tangsathtikulchai, V. Rattanaphani and J. Bremner, “Study of an Al(III) Complex with the Plant Dye Brazilein from Ceasalpinia sappan Linn.,” Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2008, pp. 159-165.
G. Ciardelli, L. Corsi and M. Marcucci, “Membrane Separation for Wastewater Reuse in the Textile Industry,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2001, pp. 189-197. doi:10.1016/S0921-3449(00)00079-3
G. R. P. Malpass, D. W. Miwa, S. A. S. Machado and A. J. Motheo, “Decolourisation of Real Textile Waste using Electrochemical Techniques: Effect of Electrode Composition,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 156, No. 1-3, 2008, pp. 170-177. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.017
A. Alinsafi, M. Khemis, M. N. Pons, J. P. Leclerc, A. Yaacoubi, A. Benhammou and A. Nejmeddine, “Electro-Coagulation of Reactive Textile Dyes and Textile Wastewater,” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, Vol. 44, No. 4, 2005, pp. 461-470. doi:10.1016/j.cep.2004.06.010
K. Kumari and T. E. Abraham, “Biosorption of Anionic Textile Dyes by Nonviable Biomass of Fungi and Yeast,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 98, No. 9, 2007, pp. 1704-1710. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.07.030
T. Akar, A. S. Ozcan, S. Tunali and A.Ozcan, “Biosorption of a Textile Dye (Acid Blue 40) by Cone Biomass of Thuja orientalis: Estimation of Equilibrium, Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, No. 8, 2008, pp. 3057-3065. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.029
A. R. Khataee, F. Vafaei and M. Jannatkhah, “Biosorption of Three Textile Dyes from Contaminated Water by Filamentous Green Algal Spirogyra sp.: Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies,” International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, Vol. 83, 2013, pp. 33-40. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.04.004
P. S. Kumar, S. Ramalingam, C. Senthamarai, M. Niranjanaa, P. Vijayalakshmi and S. Sivanesan, “Adsorption of Dye from Aqueous Solution by Cashew Nut Shell: Studies on Equilibrium Isotherm, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Interactions,” Desalination, Vol. 261, No. 1-2, 2010, pp. 52-60. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2010.05.032
N. M. Mahmoodi, B. Hayati, M. Arami and C. Lan, “Adsorption of Textile Dyes on Pine Cone from Colored Wastewater: Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies,” Desalination, Vol. 268, No. 1-3, 2011, pp. 117-125. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2010.10.007
C. Pelekani and V. L. Snoeyink, “Competitive Adsorption between Atrazine and Methylene Blue on Activated Carbon: The Importance of Pore Size Distribution,” Carbon, Vol. 38, No. 10, 2000, pp. 1423-1436. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00261-4
Y. Guo, S. Yang, W. Fu, J. Qi, R. Li, Z. Wang and H. Xu, “Adsorption of Malachite Green on Micro- and Mesoporous Rice Husk-based Active Carbon,” Dyes and Pigments, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2003, pp. 219-229. doi:10.1016/S0143-7208(02)00160-2
R. L. Tseng and S. K. Tseng, “Pore Structure and Adsorption Performance of the KOH-Activated Carbons Prepared from Corncob,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 287, No. 2, 2005, pp. 428-437. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.02.033
C. Tangsathitkulchai, Y. Ngernyen and M. Tangsathitkulchai, “Surface Modification and Adsorption of Eucalyptus Wood-based Activated Carbon: Effects of Oxidation Treatment, Carbon Porous Structure and Activation Method,” Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 5, 2009, pp. 1341-1352. doi:10.1007/s11814-009-0197-4
F. Rouquerol, J. Rouquerol and K. Sing, “Adsorption by Powders and Porous Solids: Principles, Methodology and Applications,” Academic Press, San Diego, 1999.
K. Wongsooksin, “Adsorption of Homoisoflavonoid and Extracted Dye from Heartwood of Ceasalpinia sappan Linn. On Silk Fibers and Treatment of Dye Effluent by Activated Carbons,” Ph.D. Thesis, Suranaree University of Technology, 2008.
C. F. Chang, C. Y. Chang and W. T. Tsai, “Effects of Burn-Off and Activation Temperature on Preparation of Activated Carbon from Corn Cob Agrowaste by CO2 and Steam,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 232, No. 1, 2000, pp. 45-49. doi:10.1006/jcis.2000.7171
W. M. A. W. Daud and W. S. W. Ali, “Comparison on Pore Development of Activated Carbon Produced from Palm Shell and Coconut Shell,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2004, pp. 63-69. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.09.015
T. Yang and A. C. Lua, “Characteristics of Activated Carbons Prepared from Pistachio-Nut Shells by Physical Activation,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 267, No. 2, 2003, pp. 408-417. doi:10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00689-1
J. Colman, “Acacia-Wattle,” 2001. http://www.janinesgarden.com/plants/A/acacia.html
M. Valix, W. H. Cheung and G. McKay, “Preparation of Activated Carbon using Low Temperature Carbonisation and Physical Activation of High Ash Raw Bagasse for Acid Dye Adsorption,” Chemosphere, Vol. 56, No. 5, 2004, pp. 493-501. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.004
D. Suteu and T. Malutan, “Industrial Cellolignin Wastes as Adsorbent for Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions,” BioResources, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2013, pp. 427-446.
Y. S. Ho and G. McKay, “Kinetic Models for the Sorption of Dye from Aqueous Solution by Wood,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Vol. 76, No. 2, 1998, pp. 183-191. doi:10.1205/095758298529326
Y. S. Ho and G. McKay, “Pseudo-Second Order Model for Sorption Processes,” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 34, No. 5, 1999, pp. 451-465. doi:10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00112-5
D. D. Do, “Analysis of Adsorption Kinetics in a Single Homogeneous Particle,” In: D. D. Do, Ed., Adsorption Analysis: Equilibria and Kinetics, Imperial College Press, 1998, pp. 521-545.
M. Tangsathitkulchai, C. Tangsathitkulchai, K. Wongsooksin and S. Chuyingsakuntip, “Removal of Residual Aluminium-Dye Complex and Aluminium Ion from Spent Natural-Dye Solution Using Activated Carbons,” Engineering Journal, Vol. 16, No. 5, 2012, pp. 29-44. doi:10.4186/ej.2012.16.5.29
I. Langmuir, “Adsorption of Gases on Plain Surfaces of Glass Mica Platinum,” Journal of American Chemical Society, Vol. 40, No. 9, 1918, pp. 1361-1403. doi:10.1021/ja02242a004
H. Freundlich, “Adsorption Solution,” Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Vol. 57, 1906, pp. 384-470.
M. F. R. Pereira, S. F. Soares, J. J. M. Orfao and J. L. Figueiredo, “Adsorption of Dyes on Activated Carbons: Influence of Surface Chemical Groups,” Carbon, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2003 pp. 811-821. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00406-2
A. A. Attia, W. E. Rashwan and S. A. Khedr, “Capacity of Activated Carbon in the Removal of Acid Dyes Subsequent to Its Thermal Treatment,” Dyes and Pigments, Vol. 69, No. 3, 2006, pp. 128-136. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.07.009
K. Li, Z. Zheng, X. Huang, G. Zhao, J. Feng and J. Zhang, “Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies on the Adsorption of 2-Nitroaniline onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Cotton Stalk Fibre,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 166, No. 1, 2009, pp. 213-220. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.007