This article presents a review of the analytical relevance of trace metal speciation analysis, which must be considered in environmental and biophysicochemical systems for reliable and efficient assessment and monitoring of trace metals. Examples are given of methodological approaches used for speciation analysis. An overview of speciation analysis in sediments, aquatic ecosystems and agrosystems is also presented.
N. Benson, E. D. Udosen and O. Akpabio, “Interseasonal Distribution and Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Subtidal Sediment of Qua Iboe Estuary and Associated Creeks, Niger Delta (Nigeria),” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 146, No. 1-3, 2008, pp. 253-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0077-5
A. Sanz-Medel, “Toxic Trace Metal Speciation: Importance and Tools for Environmental and Biological Analysis,” Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 70, No. 12, 1998, pp. 2281-2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199870122281
N. U. Benson, “Lead, Nickel, Vanadium, Cobalt, Copper and Manganese Distributions in Intensely Cultivated Floodplain Ultisol of Cross River, Nigeria,” International Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2006, pp. 140-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijss.2006.140.145
M. I. Yahaya, G. C. Ezeh, Y. F. Musa and S. Y. Mohammad, “Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration in Road Sides Soil in Yauri, Nigeria,” African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2010, pp. 22-30.
E. D. Udosen, N. U. Benson and J. P. Essien, “Trends in Heavy Metals and Hydrocarbon Burdens in Stubbs Creek, A Tributary of the Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria,” Trends in Applied Sciences and Research, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2007, pp. 312-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tasr.2007.312.319
J. P. Essien, S. P. Antai and A. A. Olajire, “Distribution, Seasonal Variations and Ecotoxicological Significance of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Cross River Estuary Mangrove Swamp,” Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 197, No. 1-4, 2009, pp. 91-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9793-x
N. U. Benson, J. P. Essien and D. E. Bassey, “Hydrobiological Constraints of Trace Metals in Surface Water, Coastal Sediments and Water Lily of Calabar River, Nigeria,” African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 20, 2007, pp. 2358-2362.
O. O. Ayejuyo, O. O. Tovide and B. O. Moronkola, “Heavy Metal Distribution in Crab (Callinectes amnicola) Living on the Shores of Ojo Rivers, Lagos, Nigeria,” Environmentalist, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2009, pp. 33-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-008-9177-1
D. S. Abolude, O. A. Davies and D. W. Avong, “Level of Heavy Metals in Freshwater Crab (Cardisoma guahumi) Obtained from Ahmadu Bello University Reservoir, Zaria Nigeria,” International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2009, pp. 54-58.
J. A. Omolaoye, A. Uzairu and C. Gimba, “Heavy Metal Assessment of Some Soft Plastic Toys Imported into Nigeria from China,” Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Vol. 2, No. 8, 2010, pp. 126-130.
A. O. Ibhadon, P. Wright and R. Daniels, “Trace Metal Speciation and Contamination in an Intertidal Estuary,” Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 6, No. 8, 2004, pp. 679-683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b315954j
D. M. Templeton, F. Ariese, R. Cornelis, L-G. Danielsson, H. Muntau, H. P. Van Leeuwen and R. Lobiński, “Guidelines for Terms Related to Chemical Speciation and Fractionation of Elements: Definitions, Structural Aspects, and Methodological Approaches,” Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 72, No. 8, 2000, pp. 1453-1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072081453
B. Jones and A. Turki, “Distribution and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Surficial Sediments from Tees Estuary, Northeast England,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 10, 1997, pp. 768-779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00047-7
M. Ramirez, S. Massolo, R. Frache and J. Correa, “Metal Speciation and Environmental Impact on Sandy Beaches Due to El Salvador Copper Mines, Chile,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 50, No. 1, 2005, pp. 62-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.08.010
A. Kot and J. Namiesnik, “The Role of Speciation in Analytical Chemistry, “Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 19, No. 2-3, 2000, pp. 69-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00195-8
G. Rauret, J. López-Sánchez, A. Sahuquillo, R. Rubio, C. Davidson, A. Ure and P. Quevauviller, “Improvement of the BCR three Step Sequential Extraction Procedure Prior to the Certification of New Sediment and Soil Reference Materials,” Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1999, pp. 57-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a807854h
R. Rubio, J. Lopez-Sanchez and G. Ruaret, “La Especiacion Solida de Trazas de Metales en Sedimentos. Aplicacion a Sedimentos muy Contaminados,” Anales de Química, Vol. 87, 1991, pp. 599-605.
D. M. Templeton, “Biomedical Aspects of Trace Element Speciation,” Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 363, No. 5-6, 1999, pp. 505-511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051234
R. P. Linnik and O. A. Zaporozhets, “Solid-Phase Reagent for Molecular Spectroscopic Determination of Heavy Metal Speciation in Natural Water,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 375, No. 8, 2003, pp. 1083-1088.
O. Zaporozhets and R. Linnik, “Hyphenated Techniques in Speciation Analysis of Metals in Natural Waters,” 2004. http://www.ecotest.univ.kiev.ua/nauka/speciation_e.htm
A. L. Rosen and G. M. Hieftje, “Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Electrospray Mass Spectrometry for Speciation Analysis: Applications and Instrumentation,” Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 59, No. 2, 2004, pp. 135-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2003.09.004
A. Tessier, P. Campell and M. Bison, “Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 51, No. 7, 1979, pp. 844-850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a017
L. M. Shuman, “Fractionation Method for Soil Micronutrients,” Soil Science, Vol. 140, No. 1, 1985, pp. 11-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198507000-00003
A. Ure, P. Quevaullier, H. Muntau and B. Griepink, “Speciation of Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments. An Account of the Improvement and Harmonization of Extraction Techniques Undertaken under the Auspices of the BCR of the CEC,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 51, No. 1-4, 1993, pp. 135-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319308027619
G. Sposito, “The Chemical Forms of Trace Metals in Soils,” In: I. Thornton, Ed., Applied Environmental Geochemistry, Academic Press, London, 1983, pp. 123-170.
P. H. T. Beckett, “The Use of Extractants in Studies on the Trace Metals in Soils, Sewage Sludges and Sludge-Treated Soils,” Advances in Soil Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 5, 1988, pp. 144-175.
A. H. Mahvi, “Application of Agricultural Fibers in Pollution Removal from Aqueous Solution,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2008, pp. 275-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03326022
W. M. Gitari, L. F. Petrik, D. L. Key and C. Okujeni, “Partitioning of Major and Trace Inorganic Contaminants in Fly Ash Acid Mine Drainage Derived Solid Residues,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2010, pp. 519-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03326161
P. Adamo, S. Dudka, M. Wilson and W. McHardy, “Chemical and Mineralogical Forms of Cu and Ni in Contaminated Soils from the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region, Canada,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 91, No. 1, 1996, pp. 11-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(95)00035-P
L. Q. Ma and G. N. Rao, “Chemical Fractionation of Cadmium, Copper, Nickel and Zinc Contaminated Soils,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1997, pp. 259-264.
F. Mohsenzadeh, J. Nouri, A. Ranjbar, F. Mohammadian and A. Babaie, “Air Pollution Control through Kiln Recycling By-Pass Dust in a Cement Factory: Iran,” Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2006, pp. 5-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600010036x
A. R. Karbassi, S. M. Monavari, G. R. Bidhendi, J. Nouri and K. Nematpour, “Metal Pollution Assessment of Sediment and Water in the Shur River,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 147, No. 1-3, 2008, pp. 107-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0102-8
X. D. Feng, Z. Dang, W. Huang and C. Yang, “Chemical Speciation of Fine Particle Bound Trace Metals,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2009, pp. 337-346.
B. Nowak, “Sequential Extraction of Metals Forms in the Soil near a Roadway in Southern Poland,” Analyst, Vol. 120, No. 3, 1995, pp. 737-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9952000737
R. E. Jervis, S. S. Krishna, M. M. Ko, L. D. Vela, T. G. Pringle, A. C. Chan and L. Xing, “Biological Incinerator emission of Toxic Inorganics, Their Residues and Their Availability,” Analyst, Vol. 120, No. 3, 1995, pp. 651-658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9952000651
G. S. R. Krishnamurti, P. M. Huang, K. C. J. Van Rees, L. M. Kozak and H. P. W. Rostad, “Speciation of Particulate-Bound Cadmium of Soils and Its Bioavailability,” Analyst, Vol. 120, No. 3, 1995, pp. 659-665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9952000659
C. M. Davidson, P. C. S. Ferreira and A. M. Ure, “Some Sources of Variability in Application of the Three-Stage Sequential Extraction Procedure Recommended by BCR to Industrially-Contaminated Soil,” Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 363, No. 5-6, 1999, pp. 446-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051220
A. Moc’ko and W. Waclawek, “Three-Step Extraction Procedure for Determination of Heavy Metals Availability to Vegetables,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 380, No. 5-6, 2004, pp. 813-817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2832-6
H.-S. Jung, S.-T. Yun, B.-Y. Choi, H.-M. Kim, M. Jung, S.-O. Kim and K.-H. Kim, “Geochemical Studies on the Contamination and Dispersion of Trace Metals in Intertidal Sediments Around a Military Air Weapons Shooting Range,” Journal of Soils and Sediments, Vol. 10, No. 6, 2010, pp. 1142-1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-010-0248-9
R. Poykio, P. Peramaki, I. Valimaki and T. Kuokkanen, “Estimation of Environmental Mobility of Heavy Metals Using a Sequential Leaching of Particulate Material Emitted from an Opencast Chrome Mine Complex,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 373, No. 3, 2002, pp. 190-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1299-6
T. Peytoni, A. Mcintosh, V. Anderson and K. Yost, “Aerial Input of Heavy Metals into an Aquatic Ecosystem,” Water, Air and Soil Pollution, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1976, pp. 443-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280845
E. Z. Ochieng, J. O. Lalah and S. O. Wandiga, “Anthroponic Sources of Heavy Metals in the Indian Ocean Coast of Kenya,” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 83, No. 4, 2009, pp. 600-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9807-4
J. O. Lalah, E. Z. Ochieng and S. O. Wandiga, “Sources of Heavy Metal Input into Winam Gulf, Kenya,” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 81, No. 3, 2008, pp. 277-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-008-9452-3
C. K. Jain, “Metal Fractionation Study on Bed Sediments of River Yamuna, India,” Water Research, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2004, pp. 569-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.042
J. L. Trujillo-Cárdenas, N. P. Saucedo-Torres, P. F. Zárate del Valle, N. Ríos-Donato, E. Mendizábal and S. Gómez-Salazarb, “Speciation and Sources of Toxic Metals in Sediments of Lake Chapala, Mexico,” Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2010, pp. 79-87.
M. J. Kennish, “Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects,” CRC, Boca Raton, 1992.
S. R. Stephens, B. J. Alloway, J. E. Carter and A. Parker, “Towards the Characterization of Heavy Metals in Dredged Canal Sediments and an Appreciation of Availability: Two Examples from the UK,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 113, No. 2, 2001, pp. 395-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00178-0
J. N. Egila and D. N. Nimyel, “Determination of Trace Metal Speciation in Sediments from Some Dams,” Journal of Chemical. Society of Nigeria, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2002, pp. 71-77.
S. V. Matagi, D. Swai and R. Mugabe, “Heavy Metal Remove/Mechanisms in Wetlands,” African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries, Vol. 8, 1998, pp. 23-35.
M. Kersten and U. Forstner, “Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Anoxic Estuarine and Coastal Sediments,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 4-5, 1986, pp. 121-130.
W. Calmano, J. Hong and U. Forstner, “Binding and Mobilisation of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Sediments Affected by pH and Redox Potential,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 28, No. 8-9, 1993, pp. 223-235.
D. W. Engel, W. G. Sunda and B. A. Fowler, “Factors Affecting Trace Metal Uptake and Toxicity to Estuarine Organisms. I. Environmental Parameters,” In: J. F. Vernberg, A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurberg and W. B. Vernberg, Eds., Biological Monitoring of Marine Pollutants, Academic Press, New York, 1981, pp. 127-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-718450-0.50011-0
D. C. Adriano, “Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environment—Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals,” 2nd Edition, Springer, New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21510-5
J. E. Fergusson, “The Heavy Elements: Chemistry of Environmental Impact and Health Effects,” Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1990.
Q. X. Zhou and Y. F. Song, “Remediation of Contaminated Soils: Principles and Methods,” Science Press, Beijing, 2004, pp. 135-141.
G. L. Guo, Q. X. Zhou and L. Q. Ma, “Availability and Assessment of Fixing Additives for the in Situ Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils: A Review,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 116, No. 1-3, 2006, pp. 513-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-7668-4
C. F. Lin, S. S. Lo, H. Y. Lin and Y. C. Lee, “Stabilization of Cadmium Contaminated Soils Using Synthesized Zeolite,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 60, No. 3, 1998, pp. 217-226.
K. Fytianos, G. Katsianis, P. Triantafyllou and G. Zachariadis, “Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetables Grown in an Industrial Area in Relation to Soil,” Bulletin Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 67, No. 3, 2001, pp. 423-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001280141
Q. X. Zhou and G. H. Huan, “Environmental Biogeochemistry and Global Environmental Changes,” Science Press, Beijing, 2001.
I. M. C. Lo and X. Y. Yang, “Removal and Distribution of Metals from Contaminated Soils by a Sequential Extraction Method,” Waste Management, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1998, pp. 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(97)10005-8
D. Peakall and J. Burger, “Methodologies for Assessing Exposure to Metals: Speciation, Bioavailability of Metals, and Ecological Host Factors,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 56, No. 1, 2003, pp. 110-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00055-1
J. M. Scheyer, “Estimating Dietary Risk from Soils in Urban Gardens,” In: W. Burghardt and C. Dornauf, Eds., Proceedings of the First International Conference on Soils of Urban, Industrial, Traffic, and Mining Areas, Essen, 2000, pp. 479-484.
R. Cornelis, “Speciation of Trace Elements: A Way to a Safer World,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 373, No. 3, 2002, pp. 123-124.
P. C. Ryan, S. Hillier and A. J. Wall, “Stepwise Effects of the BCR Sequential Chemical Extraction Procedure on Dissolution and Metal Release from Common Ferromagnesian Clay Minerals: A Combined Solution Chemistry and X-Ray Powder Diffraction Study,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 407, No. 1, 2008, pp. 603-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.019
E. Galán, J. L. Gómez Ariza, I. González, J. C. Fernández Caliani, E. Morales and I. Giráldez, “Utility of the Techniques of Sequential Extraction in the Improvement of the Mineralogica Characterization by DRX of Grounds and Sediments with High Contents of Iron Oxides,” In: Book of Lectures and Summaries of XV the Scientific Meeting of the Spanish Clay Society, 1999, pp. 68-69.
I. Maiz, I. Arambarri, R. Garcia and E. Millán, “Evaluation of Heavy Metal Availability in Polluted Soils by Two Sequential Extraction Procedures Using Factor Analysis,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 110, No. 1, 2000, pp. 3-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00287-0
A. J. Zimmerman and D. C. Weindorf, “Heavy Metal and Trace Metal Analysis in Soil by Sequential Extraction: A Review of Procedures,” International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 2010, No. 2010, 2010, Article ID: 387803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/387803