Use of Graphene and Cucurbit[7]uril Electrodes for the Determination of Amantadine in Biological Fluids

Abstract

A differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method for amantadine (AT) determination is developed. To this end, all the chemical and instrumental variables affecting the determination of amantadine are optimized. These studies have used three types of glassy-carbon electrode, first electrode which has not undergone surface modification or coating, to then modify the working electrode surface with two kinds of suspensions: graphene and graphene-cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). From studies of the mechanisms governing the electrochemical response of amantadine, it was concluded that it is an electrochemically system with a diffusive reduction phenomenon. Under optimal conditions and with the appropriate electrode modification, we proceed to study the relation between the peak intensity with the analyte concentration. Thus, we find that when the electrode surface is covered with graphene-CB[7], two linear sections are obtained, the first one in the concentration range of between 0.05 μg·mL ﹣1 and 0.75 μg·mL ﹣1 ; and the second one between 1.00 μg·mL ﹣1 and 6.00 μg·mL ﹣1 , with Er (%) = 87 and R.S.D. = 0.94% (n = 10 at 0.5 μg·mL ﹣1 level). The minimum detectable amount was 15 ng·mL ﹣1 while a concentration of 44 ng·mL ﹣1 was calculated as determination limit. The optimized method was applied to the determination of amantadine in biological fluids.