Substandard/Falsification Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic Review of Liquid Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Methods for Their Detection — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Substandard/Falsification Antibacterial Agents: A Systematic Review of Liquid Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Methods for Their Detection
Laboratory of Drug Analysis and Galenic, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
,
Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
,
Laboratory of Drug Analysis and Galenic, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
,
Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
,
Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
,
Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
,
Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
,
Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
,
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, Liege University, Liège, Belgium
,
Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
,
Laboratory of Drug Analysis and Galenic, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
1 Laboratory of Drug Analysis and Galenic, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
2 Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
3 Laboratory of Drug Analysis and Galenic, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
4 Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
5 Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
6 Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
7 Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
8 Departement of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
9 Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, Liege University, Liège, Belgium
10 Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
11 Laboratory of Drug Analysis and Galenic, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
Falsified antibacterial agents continue to pose serious public health problems around the world. They are notably responsible for resistance emergence in the treatment of infectious diseases that can lead to death. The aim of this study was to summarize the literature on the methods developed and validated to detect poor quality antibacterial agents in order to assess the impact of these available methods in the fighting against Counterfeit/substandard medicines. Thus, studies published in the time from January 2000 to July 2017, were accessible via Google Scholar and Pubmed and allowed to analyze 41 papers. The majority (30) of developed and validated methods concerned LC methods, 9 regarded UV/V is spectrophotometry and two studies simultaneously developed both methods. Antibacterial agents belonging to beta-lactams group were the most concerned by the methods developed and validated (39%), followed by quinolones (18%) and macrolides (12%). Regarding active ingredients, amoxicillin (12%) was the most concerned by the development and validation methods. In spite of several available methods to detect substandard drugs, antibacterial agents for which methods were developed and validated were the most concerned by worldwide detected non-conformities. The fight against this scourge should not be only limited by their detection, but it also requires an effective involvement of different actors notably: health authorities, international organizations, pharmaceutical industries etc.
Khuluza, F., Kigera, S. and Heide, L. (2017) Low Prevalence of Substandard and Falsified Antimalarial and Antibacterial Agent Medicines in Public and Faith-Based Health Facilities of Southern Malawi. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96, 1124-1135. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-1008
Trippe, Z.A., Brendani, B., Meier, C. and Lewis, D. (2017) Identification of Substandard Medicines via Disproportionality Analysis of Individual Case Safety Reports. Drug Safety, 40, 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-016-0499-5
Peyraud, N., Rafael, F., Parker, L.A., Quere, M., Alcoba, G., Korff, C., et al. (2017) An Epidemic of Dystonic Reactions in Central Africa. The Lancet Global Health, 5, e137-e138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30287-X
Delepierre, A., Gayot, A. and Carpentier, A. (2012) Update on Counterfeit Antibacterial Agents Worldwide; Public Health Risks. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 42, 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2012.04.007
Nwokike, J., Clark, A. and Nguyen, P.P. (2018) Medicines Quality Assurance to Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96, 135-137. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.199562
Almuzaini, T., Choonara, I. and Sammons, H. (2013) Substandard and Counterfeit Medicines: A Systematic Review of the Literature. British Medical Journal Open, 3, e002923. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002923
Tshilumba, P.M., Amuri, S.B., Kaghowa, E.R., Mbikay, D.M., Impele, A.B., Duez, P., et al. (2015) Survey of Counterfeit Oral Antiinfectives Medecine Sold in Lubumbashi. The Pan African Medical Journal, 22, 318. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.22.318.7302
World Health Organization (2017) WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for Substandard and Falsified Medical Products. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/medicines/regulation/ssffc/publications/GSMS_Report.pdf
El-Jardali, F., Akl, E.A., Fadlallah, R., Oliver, S., Saleh, N., El-Bawab, L., et al. (2015) Interventions to Combat or Prevent Drug Counterfeiting: A Systematic Review. British Medical Journal Open, 5, e006290. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006290
Ozawa, S., Evans, D.R., Bessias, S., Haynie, D.G., Yemeke, T.T., Laing, S.K., et al. (2018) Prevalence and Estimated Economic Burden of Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JAMA Network Open, 1, e181662. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1662
Dégardin, K., Roggo, Y. and Margot, P. (2014) Understanding and Fighting the Medicine Counterfeit Market. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 87, 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.009
Tshilumba, P., Kagoha, E. and Chiribagula, V. (2016) Preliminary Study on Counterfeiting of Artemether and Artesunate Marketed in Lubumbashi. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 7, 185-192. https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2016.75024
Kelesidis, T. and Falagas, M.E. (2015) Substandard/Counterfeit Antimicrobial Drugs. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28, 443-464. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00072-14
Oral, V. and Andaç, S.Ç. (2015) A Literature Review of Analytical Methods Used for Identification and Determination of Counterfeit Drugs. Journal of Pharmacy of Istanbul University, 45, 253-266.
Marini, R.D.G.E., Kindenge, J.M., De María Lourdes Montes, A.J.A., Debrus, B., Lebrun, P., Mantanus, J., et al. (2010) Analytical Tools to Fight against Counterfeit Medicines. Chimica Oggi, 28, 10-14.
Martino, R., Malet-Martino, M., Gilard, V. and Balayssac, S. (2010) Counterfeit Drugs: Analytical Techniques for Their Identification. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 398, 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3748-y
Kindenge Mbinze, J., Mpasi, J.N., Maghe, E., Kobo, S., Mwanda, R., Mulumba, G., et al. (2015) Application of Total Error Strategy in Validation of Affordable and Accessible UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Methods for Quality Control of Poor Medicines. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 6, 106-117. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2015.62010
Habyalimana, V., Mbinze, J.K., Yemoa, A.L., Waffo, C., Diallo, T., Tshilombo, N.K., et al. (2017) Application of Design Space Optimization Strategy to the Development of LC Methods for Simultaneous Analysis of 18 Antiretroviral Medicines and 4 Major Excipients Used in Various Pharmaceutical Formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 139, 8-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.040
Koczwara, A. and Dressman, J. (2017) Poor-Quality and Counterfeit Drugs: A Systematic Assessment of Prevalence and Risks Based on Data Published From 2007 to 2016. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 106, 2921-2929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.018
Kovacs, S., Hawes, S.E., Maley, S.N., Mosites, E., Wong, L. and Stergachis, A. (2014) Technologies for Detecting Falsified and Substandard Drugs in Low and Middle-Income Countries. PLoS ONE, 9, e90601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090601
Mackey, T.K. and Nayyar, G. (2017) A Review of Existing and Emerging Digital Technologies to Combat the Global Trade in Fake Medicines. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 16, 587-602. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2017.1313227
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., Altman, D., Antes, G., et al. (2009) Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Amin, A.S., El-Fetouh Gouda, A.A., El-Sheikh, R. and Zahran, F. (2007) Spectrophotometric Determination of Gatifloxacin in Pure Form and in Pharmaceutical Formulation. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 67, 1306-1312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2006.09.041
Ashour, S. and Bayram, R. (2015) Development and Validation of Sensitive Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Moxifloxacin Antibacterial Agent in Pure and Commercial Tablets. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 140, 216-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.111
Gouda, A.A., Hashem, H. and Hassan, W. (2012) Spectophotometric Methods for Determination of Cefdinir in Pharmaceutical Formulations via Derivatization with 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-Sulfonate and 4-Chloro-7-Nitrobenzo-2-Oxa-1, 3-Diazole. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4, 991-1000. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.280
Babu, K.R., Kumari, N.A. and Vasundhara, A. (2014) A Noval Method Development and Validation of Imipenem in Bulk and Injection Formulations by Spectrophotometric and Rp-Hplc Methods. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, 986-1002.
Rufino, J.L., Pezza, H.R. and Pezza, L. (2008) Flow-Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Azithromycin in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using p-Chloranil in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide. Analytical Sciences, 24, 871-876. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.24.871
Salem, H. (2004) Selective Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenolic β-Lactam Antibacterial Agents in Pure Forms and in Their Pharmaceutical Formulations. Analytica Chimica Acta, 515, 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.056
Salem, H. and Saleh, G. (2002) Selective Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenolic Beta-Lactam Antibacterial Agents. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 28, 1205-1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(02)00027-4
Hassan, S.S., Hayat, U., Tariq, I., Ahmad, I., Hayat, M.M., Uzair, M., et al. (2014) Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Gemifloxacin Mesylate in Pure and Tablet Dosage Form. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27, 1171-1174.
Souza, M.J., Canedo, N.A.P., Souza Filho, P.S. and Bergold, A.M. (2009) Development of an Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Ceftiofur Sodium Powder. Journal of AOAC International, 92, 1673-1680.
Mendez, A.S.L., Steppe, M. and Schapoval, E.E.S. (2003) Validation of HPLC and UV Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Meropenem in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 33, 947-954. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(03)00366-2
Motwani, S.K., Chopra, S., Ahmad, F.J. and Khar, R.K. (2007) Validated Spectrophotometric Methods for the Estimation of Moxifloxacin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 68, 250-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2006.11.023
Ahmed, M., Babu, S. and Shetty, S. (2011) Development and Validation of Amoxicillin by RP-HPLC Method in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 3, 1037-1041.
Bellur Atici, E., Yazar, Y., Agtas, Ç., Ridvanoglu, N. and Karliga, B. (2017) Development and Validation of Stability Indicating HPLC Methods for Related Substances and Assay Analyses of Amoxicillin and Potassium Clavulanate Mixtures. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 136, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.032
Tavakoli, N., Varshosaz, J., Dorkoosh, F. and Zargarzadeh, M.R. (2007) Development and Validation of a Simple HPLC Method for Simultaneous in Vitro Determination of Amoxicillin and Metronidazole at Single Wavelength. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 43, 325-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.06.002
Darwish, K.M., Salama, I., Mostafa, S. and El-Sadek, M. (2013) RP-HPLC/Pre-Column Derivatization for Analysis of Omeprazole, Tinidazole, Doxycycline and Clarithromycin. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 51, 566-576. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bms167
Dhal, C., Ahmad, F.J., Chauhan, A., Jyothi, M., Singh, R.M., Saini, P.K., et al. (2015) Quality by Design Approach for Simultaneous Estimation of Doxycycline Hyclate and Curcumin by RP-HPLC Method. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77, 723-728.
Elkhoudary, M., Salam, R. and Hadad, G. (2014) Robustness Testing in HPLC Analysis of Clarithromycin, Norfloxacin, Doxycycline, Tinidazole and Omeprazole in Pharmaceutical Dosage forms Using Experimental Design. Current Pharmaceutical Analysis, 10, 58-70. https://doi.org/10.2174/157341291001140102111733
Kogawa, A.C. and Salgado, H.R.N. (2013) Quantification of Doxycycline Hyclate in Tablets by HPLC-UV Method. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 51, 919-925. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bms190
Djurdjevic, P., Ciric, A., Djurdjevic, A. and Stankov, M.J. (2009) Optimization of Separation and Determination of Moxifloxacin and Its Related Substances by RP-HPLC. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 50, 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2009.03.029
Razzaq, S.N., Khan, I.U., Mariam, I. and Razzaq, S.S. (2012) Stability Indicating HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Moxifloxacin and Prednisolone in Pharmaceutical Formulations. Chemistry Central Journal, 6, 438. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-6-94
Elkady, E.F. and Abbas, S.S. (2011) Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase Column Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Five Cephalosporins in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Journal of AOAC International, 94, 1440-1446. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.10-368
Daidone, F., Heuvelmans, R., Aerden, L., Hoogmartens, J. and Adams, E. (2008) Development of a Liquid Chromatography Method for the Analysis of Josamycin. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 48, 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.002
Acharya, D.R. and Patel, D.B. (2013) Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Cefpodoxime Proxetil and Dicloxacillin Sodium in Tablets. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 75, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.113538
Gaudin, K., Kauss, T., Gaubert, A., Viaud, V., Dubost, J.P., Olliaro, P., et al. (2011) Simultaneous Determination of Artemether and Azithromycin in Suppositories by Reversed Phase HPLC. Analytical Letters, 44, 2732-2743. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2011.553014
Shaikh, K.A., Patil, S.D. and Devkhile, A.B. (2008) Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Ambroxol Hydrochloride and Azithromycin in Tablet Dosage Form. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 48, 1481-1484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.031
Kahsay, G., Maxa, J., Van Schepdael, A., Hoogmartens, J. and Adams, E. (2012) Development and Validation of a Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method for Analysis of Demeclocycline and Related Impurities. Journal of Separation Science, 35, 1310-1318. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201101071
Kahsay, G., Shraim, F., Villatte, P., Rotger, J., Cassus-Coussère, C., Van Schepdael, A., et al. (2013) Development and Validation of a Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method for Analysis of Oxytetracycline and Related Impurities. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 75, 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2012.11.042
Malathi, S., Dubey, R. and Venkatnarayanan, R. (2009) Simultaneous RP-HPLC Estimation of Cefpodoxime Proxetil and Clavulanic Acid in Tablets. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 71, 102-105. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.51945
Sahoo, D.R. and Jain, S. (2016) A Rapid and Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of Benzoic Acid, Metronidazole and Miconazole Nitrate in Vaginal Formulations. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 54, 1613-1618. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmw113
Smyrniotakis, C.G. and Archontaki, H.A. (2007) C18 Columns for the Simultaneous Determination of Oxytetracycline and Its Related Substances by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography and UV Detection. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 43, 506-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.07.048
Venugopal, K., Snehalatha, M., Bende, G. and Saha, R. (2007) Development and Validation of an Ion-Pairing RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Gatifloxacin in Bulk and Formulations. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 45, 220-225. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/45.4.220
Zalewski, P., Garbacki, P., Cielecka-Piontek, J., Bednarek-Rajewska, K. and Krause, A. (2015) Development and Validation of the Stability-Indicating LC-UV Method for Determination of Cefozopran Hydrochloride. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica-Drug Research, 72, 423-427.
Zalewski, P., Skibiński, R., Cielecka-Piontek, J. and Bednarek-Rajewska, K. (2014) Development and Validation of Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for Determination of Cefpirome Sulfate. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 71, 731-736.
Kotkar, R.P., Shirkhedkar, A.A. and Surana, J. (2012) Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Cefpodoxime Proxetil and Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Bulk and in Tablets. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 3, 156-159.
Sanli, S., Sanli, N., Gumustas, M., Ozkan, S.A., Karadas, N. and Aboul-Enein, H.Y. (2011) Simultaneous Estimation of Ceftazidime and Ceftizoxime in Pharmaceutical Formulations by HPLC Method. Chromatographia, 74, 549-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-011-2116-1
Platzer, D.J. and White, B.A. (2006) Development and Validation of a Gradient HPLC Method for the Determination of Clindamycin and Related Compounds in a Novel Tablet Formulation. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.020
Batrawi, N., Wahdan, S. and Al-Rimawi, F. (2017) A Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Amoxicillin and Enrofloxacin Combination in an Injectable Suspension. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 85, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm85010006
Arayne, M.S., Sultana, N. and Siddiqui, F.A. (2007) Optimization of Levofloxacin Analysis by RP-HPLC Using Multivariate Calibration Technique. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20, 100-106.
Abualhasan, M.N., Batrawi, N., Sutcliffe, O.B. and Zaid, A.N. (2012) A Validated Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for Routine Analysis of an Injectable Lincomycin and Spectinomycin Formulation. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 80, 977-986. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.1207-13
Kumar, S.A., Debnath, M., Rao, J.V.L.N.S., Chaitanya, B., Durga, A., Ramya, G.P.S., et al. (2014) Rapid and Sensitive Rp-Hplc Analytical Method Development & Validation for Estimation of Rifampicin in Bulk as Well as in Pharmaceutical Formulation by Using PDA Detector. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4, 1561-1572.
Aucamp, M.E., Csongradi, C., Gerber, M. and Du Plessis, J. (2016) A Novel RP-HPLC Method for the Detection and Quantification of Roxithromycin in Topical Delivery Studies. Pharmazie, 71, 175-176.
Liu, Y.Y., Wang, Y., Walsh, T.R., Yi, L.X., Zhang, R., Spencer, J., et al. (2016) Emergence of Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance Mechanism MCR-1 in Animals and Human Beings in China: A Microbiological and Molecular Biological Study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16, 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7
Faller, B. and Ertl, P. (2007) Computational Approaches to Determine Drug Solubility. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 59, 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.005
Simon, M.-O. and Li, C.-J. (2012) Green Chemistry Oriented Organic Synthesis in Water. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 1415-1427. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CS15222J
Jouyban, A. (2008) Review of the Cosolvency Models for Predicting Solubility of Drugs in Water-Cosolvent Mixtures. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11, 32-58. https://doi.org/10.18433/J3PP4K
Gordillo, M.D., Blanco, M.A., Molero, A. and Martinez De La Ossa, E. (1999) Solubility of the Antibacterial Agent Penicillin G in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 15, 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-8446(99)00008-X
Turel, I. (2002) The Interactions of Metal Ions with Quinolone Antibacterial Agents. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 232, 27-47.
Welch, C.J., Brkovic, T., Schafer, W. and Gong, X. (2009) Performance to Burn? Re-Evaluating the Choice of Acetonitrile as the Platform Solvent for Analytical HPLC. Green Chemistry, 11, 1232-1238. https://doi.org/10.1039/b906215g