Integrated System for the Rapid Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Extraction from Aqueous Samples and Their Consecutive Thermal Desorption Prior to Gas Chromatography Analysis — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Integrated System for the Rapid Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Extraction from Aqueous Samples and Their Consecutive Thermal Desorption Prior to Gas Chromatography Analysis
This paper describes for the first time the extraction followed by thermal desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) spiked water samples in a microfluidic silicon device. Thanks to the integration into an original system composed of a micropump, microvalves, and an optimized thermal management, the entire protocol is automated and combines the extraction, the drying and the desorption in less than 25 min before sending the sample to a GC-FID system. Repeatable recovery yields have been determined for 1 μg/L spiked water samples and the analysis of PAHs in a natural water spiked sample has been demonstrated without loss of performance compared to purified water samples. Compared to other extraction techniques, this system has the advantage of reduced footprint, reduced energy consumption and no solvent use.
International Agency for Research of Cancer (2010) Some Non-Heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 92, Lyon.
U. EPA (2014) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.
European Parliament (2013) Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 Amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as Regards Priority Substances in the Field of Water Policy.
Konieczka, P., Wolska, L. and Namiesnik, J. (2010) Quality Problems in Determination of Organic Compounds in Environmental Samples, Such as PAHs and PCBs. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 29, 706-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2010.03.012
Kumar, S., Negi, S. and Maiti, P. (2017) Biological and Analytical Techniques Used for Detection of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 25810-25827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0415-2
Popp, P., Bauer, C. and Wennrich, L. (2001) Application of Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction in Combination with Column Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples. Analytica Chimica Acta, 436, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)00895-9
Ouyang, G.F. and Pawliszyn, J. (2006) Recent Developments in SPME for On-Site Analysis and Monitoring. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 25, 692-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.005
Plotka-Wasylka, J., et al. (2016) Modern Trends in Solid Phase Extraction: New Sorbent Media. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 77, 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.010
Wen, Y.Y., et al. (2014) Recent Advances in Solid-Phase Sorbents for Sample Preparation Prior to Chromatographic Analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 59, 26-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.03.011
Avino, P., et al. (2017) New Protocol Based on High-Volume Sampling Followed by DLLME-GC-IT/MS for Determining PAHs at Ultra-Trace Levels in Surface Water Samples. Microchemical Journal, 133, 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.052
Fernandez-Amado, M., et al. (2016) A Novel and Cost-Effective Method for the Determination of Fifteen Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Low Volume Rainwater Samples. Talanta, 155, 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.032
Liew, C.S.M., Lo, X. and Lee, H.K. (2016) Miniscale Liquid-Liquid Extraction Coupled with Full Evaporation Dynamic Headspace Extraction for the Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with 4000-to-14000-Fold Enrichment. Analytical Chemistry, 88, 9095-9102. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02056
Zhang, M., et al. (2017) Portable Kit for High-Throughput Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering after Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction. Talanta, 175, 495-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.072
Yan, J., et al. (2018) Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water Using Simplified Liquid-Liquid Micro-Extraction and Pseudo-MRM GC/ MS/MS. Analytical Methods, 10, 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7AY01902E
Wolska, L., Rawa-Adkonis, M. and Namiesnik, J. (2005) Determining PAHs and PCBs in Aqueous Samples: Finding and Evaluating Sources of Error. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 382, 1389-1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-3280-7
Fu, L.M., et al. (2018) Sample Preconcentration from Dilute Solutions on Micro/ Nanofluidic Platforms: A Review. Electrophoresis, 39, 289-310. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201700340
Lafleur, J.P., et al. (2010) Miniaturised Centrifugal Solid Phase Extraction Platforms for In-Field Sampling, Pre-Concentration and Spectrometric Detection of Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Samples. Talanta, 81, 722-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2009.12.001
Duffy, E., et al. (2017) New Strategies for Stationary Phase Integration within Centrifugal Microfluidic Platforms for Applications in Sample Preparation and Pre-Concentration. Analytical Methods, 9, 1998-2006. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7AY00127D
Peroni, D., et al. (2012) Advancing Liquid/Liquid Extraction through a Novel Microfluidic Device: Theory, Instrumentation and Applications in Gas Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1226, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.001
Ramos-Payan, M., Maspoch, S. and Llobera, A. (2017) A Simple and Fast Double-Flow Microfluidic Device Based Liquid-Phase Microextraction, (DF-mu LPME) for the Determination of Parabens in Water Samples. Talanta, 165, 496-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.059
Foan, L., Ricoul, F. and Vignoud, S. (2015) A Novel Microfluidic Device for Fast Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Environmental Waters—Comparison with Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 95, 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2014.994617
Foan, L., et al. (2018) Development of a New Phase for Lab-on-a-Chip Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Water. Sensors and Actuators B—Chemical, 255, 1039-1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.08.151
Camara, E.H.M., et al. (2010) Micro Gas Preconcentrator in Porous Silicon Filled with a Carbon Absorbent. Sensors and Actuators B—Chemical, 148, 610-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.05.054
Haudebourg, R., et al. (2013) Temperature-Programmed Sputtered Micromachined Gas Chromatography Columns: An Approach to Fast Separations in Oilfield Applications. Analytical Chemistry, 85, 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac3022136
McCartney, M.M., et al. (2017) An Easy to Manufacture Micro Gas Preconcentrator for Chemical Sensing Applications. ACS Sensors, 2, 1167-1174. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.7b00289
Reidy, S., et al. (2007) Temperature-Programmed GC Using Silicon Microfabricated Columns with Integrated Heaters and Temperature Sensors. Analytical Chemistry, 79, 2911-2917. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac062148s
Mery, E., et al. (2008) A Silicon Microfluidic Chip Integrating an Ordered Micropillar Array Separation Column and a Nano-Electrospray Emitter for LC/MS Analysis of Peptides. Sensors and Actuators B—Chemical, 134, 438-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.05.037
Arias-Estevez, M., et al. (2007) Sorption of PAHs to Colloid Dispersions of Humic Substances in Water. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79, 251-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9022-0
Xia, X.H., Zhai, Y.W. and Dong, J.W. (2013) Contribution Ratio of Freely to Total Dissolved Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Natural River Waters. Chemosphere, 90, 1785-1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.021