The Role of Electrode-Induced Temperature Variations in Blood Flow Dynamics within Atherosclerotic Radial Artery

Abstract

This study explores the role of electrode-induced temperature variations in plaque and blood flow dynamics within atherosclerotic radial arteries using computer simulations based on finite element analysis (FEA). The radial artery represents a valuable avenue for in vivo assessment of systemic atherosclerosis, providing diagnostic and predictive insights into coronary artery disease (CAD). In this model, a typical human arterial pressure is applied in the outlet, resulting in changes to blood velocity, pressure, and heat distribution. Initial inlet velocities and outlet pressures are applied using a time-dependent sinusoidal function that mimics pulsatile blood flow. The model integrates three key equations: the Navier-Stokes equations to describe blood velocity and pressure distribution, electric current equations to simulate heat generation, and the heat equation to evaluate temperature changes in the arterial wall. The simulation results were validated by comparing the velocity values with previously published data on radial and ulnar artery flow. For temperature validation, the simulated thermal distribution at the plaque region was found to be consistent with the reported ranges in the studies by Shiqing Zhao et al. The numerical results of this simulation revealed significant temperature localization near the plaque adjacent to the electrode. Due to the presence of the plaque and surrounding tissue, increase in temperature in electrode affects the blood flow, resulting in a decrease in blood velocity. The localized temperature behavior shows a rapid rise, followed by a peak, and then gradual stabilization. Blood velocity follows a pattern consistent with normal radial pulse propagation but decreases before the plaque and increases afterward. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the hemodynamic and thermal behavior in atherosclerotic arteries. The study also suggests potential future applications, such as employing AI-controlled micro devices to apply localized heat in semisolid plaque conditions for therapeutic purposes.