This paper analyzed the relationship between city logistics measures and environmental sustainability in Ghana. This paper analysis followed an established pattern using the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model and correlation matrix. After estimating the descriptive statistics covering four (4) variables such as environmental sustainability, policy, stakeholders interaction, and city logistics measures. The findings indicated that policies correlated with city logistics measures (21%) and environmental sustainability (84%) at 1% significant levels; furthermore, at a 1% significant level, the policies correlated strongly with environmental sustainability than the other variables. The results show that policies play a crucial role in environmental sustainability. The test values indicate that SI, SI1 and CLM are statistically significant at p (0.000) < 0.05 respectively whereas P, P1, SI2 and CLM1 are not statistically significant at p (0.293) > 0.05, p (0.779) > 0.05, p (0.577) > 0.05 and p (0.351) > 0.05. Even though the P2 value is significant, p (0.031) < 0.05. The impacts on environmental sustainability are not felt much. But more importantly, SI and CLM have a positive influence on environmental sustainability. Hence, hypotheses (H1, H2, and H3) were accepted. These then call for policy direction on city logistics measure implementation and environmental sustainability in Ghana and other parts of the world.
Allen, J., Anderson, S., Browne, M., & Jones, P. (2000). A Framework for Considering Policies to Encourage Sustainable Urban Freight Traffic and Goods/Service Flows: Summary Report. London.
Anand, N., Quak, H., van Duin, R., & Tavasszy, L. (2012). City Logistics Modeling Efforts: Trends and Gaps—A Review. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 39, 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.094
Awasthi, A., & Proth, J.-M. (2006). A Systems-Based Approach for City Logistics Decision Making. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 3, 7-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/97279810680001242
Behrends, S. (2016). Recent Developments in Urban Logistics Research—A Review of the Proceedings of the International Conference on City Logistics 2009-2013. Transportation Research Procedia, 12, 278-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.02.065
Benjelloun, A., & Crainic, T. G. (2009). Trends, Challenges, and Perspectives in City Logistics. Buletinul AGIR, No. 4, 45-51.
Benjelloun, A., Crainic, T. G., & Bigras, Y. (2010). Towards a Taxonomy of City Logistics Projects. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 6217-6228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.04.032
Carbone, V., Rouquet, A., & Roussat, C. (2017). The Rise of Crowd Logistics: A New Way to Co-Create Logistics Value. Journal of Business Logistics, 38, 238-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12164
CIVITAS (2020). Smart Choices for Cities: Making Urban Freight Logistics More Sustainable. CIVITAS WIKI Consortium.
Cobbinah, P. B., Erdiaw-Kwasie, M. O., & Amoateng, P. (2015). Africa’s Urbanisation: Implications for Sustainable Development. Cities, 47, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.03.013
Cobbinah, P. B., Poku-Boansi, M., & Peprah, C. (2017). Urban Environmental Problems in Ghana. Environmental Development, 23, 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2017.05.001
Crainic, T., Ricciardi, N., & Storchi, G. (2009). Models for Evaluating and Planning City Logistics Transportation Systems. Transportation Science, 43, 432-454.
de Oliveira, G. F., & de Oliveira, L. K. (2016). Stakeholder’s Perceptions of City Logistics: An Exploratory Study in Brazil. Transportation Research Procedia, 12, 339-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.02.070
Demir, E., Huang, Y., Scholts, S., & Van Woensel, T. (2015). A Selected Review on the Negative Externalities of the Freight Transportation: Modeling and Pricing. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 77, 95-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.02.020
Gatta, V., Marcucci, E., Delle Site, P., Le Pira, M., & Carrocci, C. S. (2019). Planning with Stakeholders: Analysing Alternative Off-Hour Delivery Solutions via an Interactive Multi-Criteria Approach. Research in Transportation Economics, 73, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.12.004
Gatta, V., Marcucci, E., Nigro, M., Patella, S., & Serafini, S. (2018). Public Transport-Based Crowdshipping for Sustainable City Logistics: Assessing Economic and Environmental Impacts. Sustainability, 11, 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010145
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An Index of Factorial Simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Katsela, K., & Browne, M. (2019). Importance of the Stakeholders’ Interaction: Comparative, Longitudinal Study of Two City Logistics Initiatives. Sustainability, 11, 5844. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205844
Keeble, B. R. (1988). The Brundtland Report: “Our Common Future”. Medicine and War, 4, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/07488008808408783
Lagorio, A., Pinto, R., & Golini, R. (2016). Research in Urban Logistics: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 46, 908-931. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-01-2016-0008
Le Pira, M., Marcucci, E., Gatta, V., Inturri, G., Ignaccolo, M., & Pluchino, A. (2017). Integrating Discrete Choice Models and Agent-Based Models for Ex-Ante Evaluation of Stakeholder Policy Acceptability in Urban Freight Transport. Research in Transportation Economics, 64, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2017.08.002
Lebeau, P., Macharis, C., Van Mierlo, J., & Janjevic, M. (2018). Improving Policy Support in City Logistics: The Contributions of a Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 6, 554-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2018.07.003
Lidasan, H. S. (2011). City Logistics: Policy Measures Aimed at Improving Urban Environment through Organization and Efficiency in Urban Logistics Systems in Asia. Transport and Communications Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific, No. 80, 84-99.
Likert, R. (1932). A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22, 1-55.
Lindholm, M. E., & Blinge, M. (2014). Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of the Sustainable Urban Freight Transport among Swedish Local Authority Policy Planners. Transport Policy, 32, 124-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.01.004
Lindholm, M., & Behrends, S. (2012). Challenges in Urban Freight Transport Planning— A Review in the Baltic Sea Region. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.001
Lindholm, M., & Browne, M. (2013). Local Authority Cooperation with Urban Freight Stakeholders: A Comparison of Partnership Approaches. EJTIR, 13, 20-38.
Marcucci, E., Gatta, V., & Le Pira, M. (2018). Gamification Design to Foster Stakeholder Engagement and Behavior Change: An Application to Urban Freight Transport. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 118, 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.028
Marcucci, E., Gatta, V., Marciani, M., & Cossu, P. (2017). Measuring the Effects of an Urban Freight Policy Package Defined via a Collaborative Governance Model. Research in Transportation Economics, 65, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2017.09.001
Neghabadi, D. P., Samuel, K. E., & Espinouse, M.-L. (2018). Systematic Literature Review on City Logistics: Overview, Classification and Analysis. International Journal of Production Research, 57, 865-887. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1489153
Obilor, E. I. M., & Amadi, E. C. (2018). Test for Significance of Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. International Journal of Innovative Mathematics, Statistics & Energy Policies, 6, 11-23.
OECD (2003). Delivering the Goods: 21st Century Challenges to Urban Goods Transport (p. 153). Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264102828-en
Oliveira, L., Barraza, B., Bertocini, B., Isler, C., Pires, D., Madalon, E., Lima, J., Vieira, J., Meira, L., Bracarense, L., Bandeira, R., Oliveira, R., & Ferreira, S. (2018). An Overview of Problems and Solutions for Urban Freight Transport in Brazilian Cities. Sustainability, 10, 1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041233
Österle, I., Aditjandra, P. T., Vaghi, C., Grea, G., & Zunder, T. H. (2015). The Role of a Structured Stakeholder Consultation Process within the Establishment of a Sustainable Urban Supply Chain. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 20, 284-299. https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-05-2014-0149
Pimentela, C., & Alvelos, F. (2018). Integrated Urban Freight Logistics Combining Passenger and Freight Flows—Mathematical Model Proposal. Transportation Research Procedia, 30, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.09.010
Pustokhina, I., & Pustokhin, D. (2019). City Logistics as an Element of Sustainable Urban Development: Car Sharing System in Russia. Russian Logistics Journal.
Quak, H., Balm, S., & Posthumus, B. (2014). Evaluation of City Logistics Solutions with Business Model Analysis. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 125, 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1460
Quak, H., Lindholm, M., Tavasszy, L., & Browne, M. (2016). From Freight Partnerships to City Logistics Living Labs—Giving Meaning to the Elusive Concept of Living Labs. Transportation Research Procedia, 12, 461-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.02.080
Rubinia, L., & Lucia, D. L. (2018). Governance and the Stakeholders’ Engagement in City Logistics: The SULPiTER Methodology and the Bologna Application. Transportation Research Procedia, 30, 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.09.028
Russo, F., & Comi, A. (2016). Urban Freight Transport Planning towards Green Goals: Synthetic Environmental Evidence from Tested Results. Sustainability, 8, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040381
Rześny-Cieplińska, J., & Szmelter-Jarosz, A. (2020). Environmental Sustainability in City Logistics Measures. Energies, 13, 1303. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061303
Rześny-Cieplińska, J., & Szmelter-Jarosz, A. (2021). Stakeholders’ Analysis of Environmental Sustainability in Urban Logistics: A Case Study of Tricity, Poland. Energies, 14, 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051274
Sarbah, A., Fokouh, S. K., Obeng, E., & Quaye, I. (2014). Managing City Logistics in Ghana: Trends, Developments and Implications to City Dwellers. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2, 1-34.
Schaltegger, S., Lüdeke-Freund, F., & Hansen, E. G. (2012). Business Cases for Sustainability: The Role of Business Model Innovation for Corporate Sustainability. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 6. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2012.046944
Stathopoulos, A., Valeri, E., & Marcucci, E. (2012). Stakeholder Reactions to Urban Freight Policy Innovation. Journal of Transport Geography, 22, 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.11.017
Taherdoost, H. (2016). Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument: How to Test the Validation of a Questionnaire Survey in a Research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 5, 28-36. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205040
Taniguchi, E. (2014). Concepts of City Logistics for Sustainable and Liveable Cities. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 151, 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.029
Taniguchi, E., & Tamagawa, D. (2005). Evaluating City Logistics Measures Considering the Behavior of Several Stakeholders. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 6, 3062-3076.
Taniguchi, E., & Thompson, E. (2018). City Logistics 3: Towards Sustainable and Liveable Cities. Great Britain & United States: ISTE Ltd. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119425472
Taniguchi, E., Thompson, R. G., & Yamada, T. (2012). Emerging Techniques for Enhancing the Practical Application of City Logistics Models. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 39, 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.087
Taniguchi, E., Thompson, R. G., & Yamada, T. (2014). Recent Trends and Innovations in Modelling City Logistics. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 125, 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1451
Taniguchi, E., Thompson, R. G., Yamada, T., & Van Duin, R. (2001). City Logistics: Network Modelling and Intelligent Transport Systems. Oxford: Elsevier.
UN (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019. New York, NY.
Valiantis, M. (2014). Sustainable Urban Transport. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
van Duin, J. H. R., & Quak, H. J. (2007). City Logistics: A Chaos between Research and Policy Making? A Review. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 96, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.2495/UT070141
Van Duin, R., Wiegmans, B., Tavasszy, L., Hendriks, B., & He, Y. Z. (2019). Evaluating New Participative City Logistics Concepts: The Case of Cargo Hitching. Transportation Research Procedia, 39, 565-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2019.06.058
Visser, J., van Binsbergen, A. J., & Nemoto, T. (1999). Urban Freight Transport Policy and Planning. First International Symposium on City Logistics, Cairns, Australia, July 1999, 39-69.
WHO (2018). Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools (p. 84). WHO/UNICEF.
Witkowski, J., & Kiba-Janiak, M. (2012). The Role of Stakeholders in a Developing Reference Model of City Logistics versus the Quality of Citizens’ Life. Logistyka, 2, 1065-1076.
Yamane, Y. (1967). Mathematical Formulae for Sample Size Determination.
Zenezini, G., van Duin, J. H. R., Tavasszy, L., & De Marco, A. (2018). Stakeholders’ Roles for Business Modeling in a City Logistics Ecosystem: Towards a Conceptual Model. In E. Taniguchi, & R. G. Thompson (Eds.), City Logistics 2 (pp. 39-58). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119425526.ch3
Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and McDonald’s ωH: Their Relations with Each Other and Two Alternative Conceptualizations of Reliability. Psychometrika, 70, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-003-0974-7