Forecasting and Backtesting of <i>VaR</i> in International Dry Bulk Shipping Market under Skewed Distributions
- 1 College of Transport & Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
Abstract
It is extremely important to model the empirical distributions of dry bulk shipping returns accurately in estimating risk measures. Based on several commonly used distributions and alternative distributions, this paper establishes nine different risk models to forecast the Value-at-Risk ( VaR ) of dry bulk shipping markets. Several backtests are explored to compare the accuracy of VaR forecasting. The empirical results indicate the risk models based on commonly used distributions have relatively poor performance, while the alternative distributions, i.e. Skewed Student-T (SST) distribution, Skewed Generalized Error Distribution (SGED), and Hyperbolic distribution (HYP) produce more accurate VaR measurement. The empirical results suggest risk managers further consider more flexible empirical distributions when managing extreme risks in dry bulk shipping markets.
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