Potential of Indigenous Pesticidal Plants in the Control of Field and Post-Harvest Arthropod Pests in Bambara Groundnuts (<i>Vigna subterranea</i> (L.) Verdc.) in Africa: A Review — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Potential of Indigenous Pesticidal Plants in the Control of Field and Post-Harvest Arthropod Pests in Bambara Groundnuts (<i>Vigna subterranea</i> (L.) Verdc.) in Africa: A Review
Centre for Research, Agricultural Advancement, Teaching Excellence and Sustainability in Food and Nutrition Security (CREATES, FNS), The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
,
Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity Ecosystems Management, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
,
Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity Ecosystems Management, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
1 Centre for Research, Agricultural Advancement, Teaching Excellence and Sustainability in Food and Nutrition Security (CREATES, FNS), The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
2 Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity Ecosystems Management, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
3 Department of Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity Ecosystems Management, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
Bambara groundnuts ( Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an important leguminous crop native in Africa and is mainly cultivated for its highly nutritious grains. However, bambara groundnuts production is constrained by many insect pests including aphids ( Aphids sp .), leaf hopers ( Hilda patruelis ), foliage beetles ( Ootheca mutabilis ), pod sucking bugs ( Clavigralla tomentosicollis ), red spider mites ( Tetrunychus sp . ), groundnut jassids in the field and bruchids ( Callosobruchus maculatus , and Callosobruchus subinnotatus ) in the storage. Smallholder farmers usually apply synthetic pesticides to control those insect pests. However, synthetic pesticides are potentially harmful to the environment, non-targeted animals and human’s health. Pesticidal plants such as B . pilosa , L . camara , T . vogelii , V . amygdalina , L . javanica , T . diversifolia , and C . dichogamus which are available in most parts of Africa where the crop is cultivated, possess bioactive chemicals which have insecticidal properties and have been revealed to be potential in the control of field and storage insect pests. Therefore, they can be used as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. Bambara groundnuts being one of the neglected crops, the insects affecting the crop have not been well explored in terms of their abundance and damage they cause to the crop in the field and on storage. Thus, in this review, the common arthropod pests of the bambara groundnuts and the potential of the bioactive compounds from the common plants with pesticidal properties have been described. It is recommended that the potential of these pesticidal plants to be investigated on bambara groundnut pests control on the field and on storage to optimize their use by smallholder farmers in insect control to reduce dependence on synthetic pesticides.
Atiku, A., Aviara, N. and Haque, M. (2004) Performance Evaluation of a Bambara Ground Nut Sheller. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 6, 1-18.
Mpotokwane, S., Gaditlhatlhelwe, E., Sebaka, A. and Jideani, V. (2008) Physical Properties of Bambara Groundnuts from Botswana. Journal of Food Engineering, 89, 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.04.006
Azam-Ali, S., Sesay, A., Karikari, S., Massawe, F., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Bannayan, M. and Hampson, K. (2001) Assessing the Potential of an Underutilized Crop: A Case Study Using Bambara Groundnut. Experimental Agriculture, 37, 433-472. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479701000412
Massawe, F., Mwale, S., Azam-Ali, S. and Roberts, J. (2005) Breeding in Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.): Strategic Considerations. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4, 463-471.
Temegne, N.C., Gouertoumbo, W.F., Wakem, G.A., Nkou, F.T.D., Youmbi, E. and Ntsomboh-Ntsefong, G. (2018) Origin and Ecology of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.): A Review. Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, 2, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.23880/JENR-16000140
Murevanhema, Y.Y. and Jideani, V.A. (2013) Potential of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Milk as a Probiotic Beverage—A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 954-967. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.574803
Halimi, R.A., Barkla, B., Mayes, S. and King, G.J. (2018) The Potential of the Underutilized Pulse Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) for Nutritional Food Security. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 77, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2018.12.008
Adeleke, O.R., Adiamo, O.Q. and Fawale, O.S. (2018) Nutritional, Physicochemical, and Functional Properties of Protein Concentrate and Isolate of Newly-Developed Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterrenea L.) Cultivars. Food Science & Nutrition, 6, 229-242. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.552
Baryeh, E.A. (2001) Physical Properties of Bambara Groundnuts. Journal of Food Engineering, 47, 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(00)00136-9
Mubaiwa, J., Fogliano, V., Chidewe, C. and Linnemann, A.R. (2018) Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Flour: A Functional Ingredient to Favour the Use of an Unexploited Sustainable Protein Source. PLoS ONE, 13, e0205776. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205776
Hillocks, R., Bennett, C. and Mponda, O. (2012) Bambara Nut: A Review of Utilisation, Market Potential and Crop Improvement. African Crop Science Journal, 20, 1-16.
Heller, J., Begemann, F. and Mushonga, J.N. (1997) Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops. The Proceedings of the Workshop on Conservation and Improvement of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), Harare, 14-16 November 1995.
William, A., Donkoh, S.A. and George, N. (2016) Adoption of Bambara Groundnut Production and Its Effects on Farmers’ Welfare in Northern Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11, 583-594. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2015.10568
Mayes, S., Ho, W.K., Chai, H.H., Song, B., Chang, Y. and Massawe, F. (2019) Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.)—A Climate Smart Crop for Food and Nutrition Security. In: Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Pulse Crops, Springer, Berlin, 397-424. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96932-9_8
Mkandawire, C.H. (2007) Review of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Production in Sub-Sahara Africa. Agricultural Journal, 2, 464-470.
FAO (2018) Statistic of Production (FAOSTAT). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
NARI (2015) Annual Oil Seeds and Legume Crops Research Report 2014/15. Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute Annual Reports.
DAFF (2016) Bambara Groundnuts. Production Guideline. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry: Pretoria.
Collinson, S., Azam-Ali, S., Chavula, K. and Hodson, D. (1996) Growth, Development and Yield of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) in Response to Soil Moisture. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 126, 307-318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600074864
Dike, M.C. (1997) Effect of Insect Pests on Pod and Seed Yields of Bambara Groundnut, Vigna subterranea L. Verde in Nigeria. International Journal of Pest Management, 43, 191-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/096708797228663
Cooper, J. and Dobson, H. (2007) The Benefits of Pesticides to Mankind and the Environment. Crop Protection, 26, 1337-1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2007.03.022
Weinberger, K. and Srinivasan, R. (2009) Farmers’ Management of Cabbage and Cauliflower Pests in India and Their Approaches to Crop Protection. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 12, 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2009.08.003
Aktar, W., Sengupta, D. and Chowdhury, A. (2009) Impact of Pesticides Use in Agriculture: Their Benefits and Hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7
Bag, D. (2000) Pesticides and Health Risks. Economic and Political Weekly, 35, 3381-3383.
Gilden, R.C., Huffling, K. and Sattler, B. (2010) Pesticides and Health Risks. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 39, 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01092.x
Lozowicka, B., Kaczynski, P., Paritova, А., Kuzembekova, G., Abzhalieva, A., Sarsembayeva, N. and Alihan, K. (2014) Pesticide Residues in Grain from Kazakhstan and Potential Health Risks Associated with Exposure to Detected Pesticides. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 64, 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.038
Chougourou, D.C., Agossa, C.H., Zoclanclounon, Y.A.B., Nassara, M.G. and Agbaka, A. (2016) Efficacy of Two Plant Powders as Cowpea Grain Protectants against Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera, Chrysomelideae: Bruchinae). Journal of Applied Biosciences, 105, 10152-10156. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v105i1.11
Mkenda, P., Mwanauta, R., Stevenson, P.C., Ndakidemi, P., Mtei, K. and Belmain, S.R. (2015) Extracts from Field Margin Weeds Provide Economically Viable and Environmentally Benign Pest Control Compared to Synthetic Pesticides. PLoS ONE, 10, e0143530. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143530
Mkindi, A., Mpumi, N., Tembo, Y., Stevenson, P.C., Ndakidemi, P.A., Mtei, K., Machunda, R. and Belmain, S.R. (2017) Invasive Weeds with Pesticidal Properties as Potential New Crops. Industrial Crops and Products, 110, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.06.002
Mpumi, N., Mtei, K., Machunda, R. and Ndakidemi, P.A. (2016) The Toxicity, Persistence and Mode of Actions of Selected Botanical Pesticides in Africa against Insect Pests in Common Beans, P. vulgaris: A Review. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 7, 138-151. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2016.71015
Stevenson, P.C., Isman, M.B. and Belmain, S.R. (2017) Pesticidal Plants in Africa: A Global Vision of New Biological Control Products from Local Uses. Industrial Crops and Products, 110, 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.034
Tembo, Y., Mkindi, A.G., Mkenda, P.A., Mpumi, N., Mwanauta, R., Stevenson, P.C., Ndakidemi, P.A. and Belmain, S.R. (2018) Pesticidal Plant Extracts Improve Yield and Reduce Insect Pests on Legume Crops without Harming Beneficial Arthropods. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01425
Chikukura, L., Mvumi, B., Chikonzo, R. and Chenzara, C. (2011) Evaluation of Selected Indigenous Pesticidal Plant Powders against Stored Maize and Cowpeas Insect Pests. The African Crop Science Conference Proceedings.
Van Emden, H.F. and Harrington, R. (2017) Aphids as Crop Pests. CABI, Wallingford. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780647098.0000
Annan, I.B., Saxena, K., Schaefers, G. and Tingey, W.M. (1994) Effects of Infestation by Cowpea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Different Growth Stages of Resistant and Susceptible Cowpea Cultivars. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 15, 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400015733
Ofuya, T.I. (1997) Control of the Cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae), in Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 2, 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018461320137
Minja, E., Zitsanza, E., Mviha, P. and Sohati, P. (1999) A Note on Host Plants for the Groundnut Plant Hopper, Hilda patruelis, in Southern Africa.
Ranga Rao, G., Rameshwar Rao, V. and Ghaffar, M. (2013) Handbook on Groundnut Insect Pests Identification and Management. Information Bulletin.
Uddin, R., Azeez, K. and Lawal, A. (2017) Potentials of Two Bio-Pesticides in the Control of Some Field Insect Pests of Bambara Groundnut in Ilorin. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 10, 443-450. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v10i4.2
Hill, D.S. (2008) Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and Their Control. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6738-9
Begemann, F. and Mushonga, J.N. (1997) Bambara Groundnut Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. Proceedings of the Workshop on Conservation and Improvement of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), Harare, 14-16 November 1995.
Abate, T. and Ampofo, J.K.O. (1996) Insect Pests of Beans in Africa: Their Ecology and Management. Annual Review of Entomology, 41, 45-73. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.000401
Grobbelaar, E. (2008) On the Identity of Ootheca bennigseni Weise, O. mutabilis (Schonherr) and O. meridiana sp. n. (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), Bean and Cowpea Pests in the Afrotropical Region. African Entomology, 16, 7-23. https://doi.org/10.4001/1021-3589-16.1.7
Srinivasan, R. (2014) Insect and Mite Pests on Vegetable Legumes: A Field Guide for Identification and Management. AVRDC the World Vegetable Center, Shanhua.
Nasruddin, A. and Gassa, A. (2014) Field Evaluation of Several Cultivated Soybean Varieties against Empoasca terminalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Florida Entomologist, 97, 995-1002. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.097.0357
Aliyu, M., Ladan, T., Ahmed, B. and Abdullahi, J. (2007) Studies on the Efficacy of Black Soap and Kerosene Mixture on the Control of Pod Sucking Bugs (Clavigralla tomentosicollis stal.) on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 19, 8-14. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v12i1.5171
Raworth, D., Gillespie, D., Roy, M. and Thistlewood, H. (2001) Tetranychus urticae Koch, Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). In: Mason, P.G. and Huber, J.T., Eds., Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 1981-2000, CABI Publishing, New York, 259. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851995274.0259
Mamun, M. and Ahmed, M. (2011) Prospect of Indigenous Plant Extracts in Tea Pest Management. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology, 1, 16-23. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924
Bagarama, F. (2016) Why Is the Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus evansi) a Threat to Dry Season Tomato Growing in Tabora, Tanzania. Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 22, 1-10.
Ahmed, M., Mamun, M., Hoque, M. and Chowdhury, R. (2012) Influence of Weather Parameters on Red Spider Mite—A Major Pest of Tea in Bangladesh. Journal of Science and Technology, 19, 47-53.
Muzemu, S., Mvumi, B., Nyirenda, S., Sileshi, G., Sola, P., Chikukura, L., Kamanula, J., Belmain, S. and Stevenson, P. (2011) Pesticidal Effects of Indigenous Plants Extracts against Rape Aphids and Tomato Red Spider Mites. The African Crop Science Conference Proceedings.
Ajayi, F. and Lale, N. (2000) Susceptibility of Unprotected Seeds and Seeds of Local Bambara Groundnut Cultivars Protected with Insecticidal Essential Oils to Infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 37, 47-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(00)00006-0
Labeyrie, V. (2013) The Ecology of Bruchids Attacking Legumes (Pulses): Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Tours (France), April 16-19, 1980. Vol. 19. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3286-4
Maina, Y. and Lale, N. (2004) Effects of Initial Infestation and Interspecific Competition on the Development of Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic.) in Bambara Groundnut Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6, 1059-1061.
Lale, N. and Vidal, S. (2001) Intraspecific and Interspecific Competition in Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic) on Stored Bambara Groundnut, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt. Journal of Stored Products Research, 37, 329-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(00)00032-1
Umar, A. and Turaki, J.M. (2014) Comparative Studies on the Biology of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on Soya Beans and Bambara Groundnut. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2, 58-61.
Belmain, S., Haggar, J., Holt, J. and Stevenson, P. (2013) Managing Legume Pests in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Prospects for Improving Food Security and Nutrition through Agro-Ecological Intensification.
Anjarwalla, P., Belmain, S., Ofori, D.A., Sola, P., Jamnadass, R. and S, P.C. (2016) Handbook on Pesticidal Plants. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi.
Ojiako, F.O., Dialoke, S.A., Ihejirika, G.O., Ahuchaogu, C.E. and Ohiri, C.P. (2015) Comparative Performance of Pyrethrum [Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Treviranus (Vis.)] Extract and Cypermethrin on Some Field Insect Pests of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Southeastern Nigeria. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 7, 96. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEA/2015/15609
Rugumamu, C.P. (2014) Potency of Traditional Insecticide Materials against Stored Bean Weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Tanzania. Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 16, 126-139.
Phoofolo, M., Mabaleha, S. and Mekbib, S.B. (2013) Laboratory Assessment of Insecticidal Properties of Tagetes minuta Crude Extracts against Brevicoryne brassicae on Cabbage. Journal of Entomology and Nematology, 5, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.5897/JEN2013.0080
Ogendo, J., Belmain, S., Deng, A. and Walker, D. (2003) Comparison of Toxic and Repellent Effects of Lantana camara L. with Tephrosia vogelii Hook and a Synthetic Pesticide against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Maize Grain. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 23, 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400020348
Green, P.W., Belmain, S.R., Ndakidemi, P.A., Farrell, I.W. and Stevenson, P.C. (2017) Insecticidal Activity of Tithonia diversifolia and Vernonia amygdalina. Industrial Crops and Products, 110, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.021
Campolo, O., Giunti, G., Russo, A., Palmeri, V. and Zappalà, L. (2018) Essential Oils in Stored Product Insect Pest Control. Journal of Food Quality, 2018, Article ID: 6906105. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6906105
Chaubey, M.K. (2017) Study of Insecticidal Properties of Garlic, Allium sativum (Alliaceae) and Bel, Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) Essential Oils against Sitophilus zeamais L.(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Entomology, 14, 191-198. https://doi.org/10.3923/je.2017.191.198
Moyo, M., Nyakudya, I., Katsvanga, C. and Tafirei, R. (2006) Efficacy of the Botanical Pesticides, Derris elliptica, Capsicum frutescens and Tagetes minuta for the Control of Brevicoryne brassicae in Vegetables. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 8, 216-222.
Baroacha, R.F., Ujjan, A.A., Khanzada, M.A., Manzur, A. and Shahzad, S. (2014) Efficacy of Carica papaya and Aloe barbadensis Leaf Extracts against Mustard Aphids (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.). International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 11, 141-145.
Qwarse, M., Mihale, M.J., Joseph, S., Mugoyela, V., Henry, L. and Sunghwa, F. (2018) Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal and Pesticidal Plants Used by Agro-Pastoral Communities in Mbulu District, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 22-35.
Xu, W.-H., Liu, W.-Y. and Liang, Q. (2018) Chemical Constituents from Croton Species and Their Biological Activities. Molecules, 23, 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092333
Aldhaher, A., Langat, M., Ndunda, B., Chirchir, D., Midiwo, J.O., Njue, A., Schwikkard, S., Carew, M. and Mulholland, D. (2017) Diterpenoids from the Roots of Croton dichogamus Pax. Phytochemistry, 144, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.014
Salatino, A., Salatino, M.L.F. and Negri, G. (2007) Traditional Uses, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Croton Species (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18, 11-33. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532007000100002
Castilhos, R., Grützmacher, A. and Coats, J. (2018) Acute Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Terpenoids and Essential Oils on the Predator Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Neotropical Entomology, 47, 311-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-017-0547-6
Dambolena, J.S., Zunino, M.P., Herrera, J.M., Pizzolitto, R.P., Areco, V.A. and Zygadlo, J.A. (2016) Terpenes: Natural Products for Controlling Insects of Importance to Human Health—A Structure-Activity Relationship Study. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 2016, Article ID: 4595823. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4595823
Ajao, A. and Moteetee, A. (2017) Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray. (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), an Invasive Plant of Significant Ethnopharmacological Importance: A Review. South African Journal of Botany, 113, 396-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.09.017
Jama, B., Palm, C., Buresh, R., Niang, A., Gachengo, C., Nziguheba, G. and Amadalo, B. (2000) Tithonia diversifolia as a Green Manure for Soil Fertility Improvement in Western Kenya: A Review. Agroforestry Systems, 49, 201-221. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006339025728
Tagne, A.M., Marino, F. and Cosentino, M. (2018) Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray as a Medicinal Plant: A Comprehensive Review of Its Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacotoxicology and Clinical Relevance. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 220, 94-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.025
Moronkola, D.O., Ogunwande, I.A., Walker, T.M., Setzer, W.N. and Oyewole, I.O. (2007) Identification of the Main Volatile Compounds in the Leaf and Flower of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) Gray. Journal of Natural Medicines, 61, 63-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-006-0019-5
Dela Pena, C., Bartolome, D. and Banwa, T. (2013) The Potential of Tithonia diversifolia (Wild Sunflower) as Organic Foliar Fertilizer. European Scientific Journal, 4, 465-468.
Osuga, I.M., Abdulrazak, S.A., Muleke, C.I. and Fujihara, T. (2012) Potential Nutritive Value of Various Parts of Wild Sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) as Source of Feed for Ruminants in Kenya. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 10, 632-635.
Shackleton, R.T., Witt, A.B., Aool, W. and Pratt, C.F. (2017) Distribution of the Invasive Alien Weed, Lantana camara, and Its Ecological and Livelihood Impacts in Eastern Africa. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 34, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2017.1301551
Zoubiri, S. and Baaliouamer, A. (2012) Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Properties of Lantana camara L. Leaf Essential Oils from Algeria. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 24, 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2012.692910
Goncalves, E., Herrera, I., Duarte, M., Bustamante, R.O., Lampo, M., Velasquez, G., Sharma, G.P. and García-Rangel, S. (2014) Global Invasion of Lantana camara: Has the Climatic Niche Been Conserved across Continents? PLoS ONE, 9, e111468. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111468
Kalita, S., Kumar, G., Karthik, L. and Rao, K.V.B. (2012) A Review on Medicinal Properties of Lantana camara Linn. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 5, 711-715.
Hernández, T., Canales, M., Avila, J., Duran, A., Caballero, J., De Vivar, A.R. and Lira, R. (2003) Ethnobotany and Antibacterial Activity of Some Plants Used in Traditional Medicine of Zapotitlán de las Salinas, Puebla (México). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 88, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00213-7
Magassouba, F., Diallo, A., Kouyaté, M., Mara, F., Mara, O., Bangoura, O., Camara, A., Traoré, S., Diallo, A. and Zaoro, M. (2007) Ethnobotanical Survey and Antibacterial Activity of Some Plants Used in Guinean Traditional Medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.009
Kurade, N.P., Jaitak, V., Kaul, V.K. and Sharma, O.P. (2010) Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Lantana camara, Ageratum houstonianum and Eupatorium adenophorum. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48, 539-544. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903193336
Burns, D. (2001) Storey’s Horse-Lover’s Encyclopedia. Storey Books.
Durbesula, A.T., Usham, G. and Kumar, R. (2015) Methemoglobinemia: Rare Presentation of Biofungicide Poisoning. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 14, 10-14.
Sharma, O.P., Sharma, S., Pattabhi, V., Mahato, S.B. and Sharma, P.D. (2007) A Review of the Hepatotoxic Plant Lantana camara. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 37, 313-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440601177863
Lima Silva, F., Fischer, D.C.H., Fechine Tavares, J., Sobral Silva, M., Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho, P. and Barbosa-Filho, J.M. (2011) Compilation of Secondary Metabolites from Bidens pilosa L. Molecules, 16, 1070-1102. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16021070
Bartolome, A.P., Villasenor, I.M. and Yang, W.-C. (2013) Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae): Botanical Properties, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, Article ID: 340215. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/340215
Arthur, G., Naidoo, K. and Coopoosamy, R. (2012) Bidens pilosa L.: Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Importance. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6, 3282-3281. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR12.195
Deba, F., Xuan, T.D., Yasuda, M. and Tawata, S. (2008) Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of the Essential Oils from Bidens pilosa Linn. var. Radiata. Food Control, 19, 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.04.011
Ashafa, A. and Afolayan, A. (2009) Screening the Root Extracts from Biden pilosa L. var. radiata (Asteraceae) for Antimicrobial Potentials. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3, 568-572.
Geissberger, P. and Séquin, U. (1991) Constituents of Bidens pilosa L.: Do the Components Found So Far Explain the Use of This Plant in Traditional Medicine? Acta Tropica, 48, 251-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-706X(91)90013-A
Goudoum, A., Tinkeu, L.S.N., Mbofung, M.B.N. and Moses, C. (2016) Insecticidal and Antifungal Properties of Essential Oil of Bidens pilosa Linn. Var. Radita (Asteraceae) towards Stored Bambara Groundnut Insect and Fungi Pests. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 4, 66-72.
Renuka, D.T. and Sharma, R. (2014) Bioefficacy of Bidens pilosa L. against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman), Stored Pests of Kidney Beans, Worldwide. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 7, 1470-1477.
Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R. and Anthony, S. (2009) Agroforestree Database: A Tree Reference and Selection Guide, Version 4.0. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp
Stevenson, P.C., Kite, G.C., Lewis, G.P., Forest, F., Nyirenda, S.P., Belmain, S.R., Sileshi, G.W. and Veitch, N.C. (2012) Distinct Chemotypes of Tephrosia vogelii and Implications for Their Use in Pest Control and Soil Enrichment. Phytochemistry, 78, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.025
Belmain, S.R., Amoah, B.A., Nyirenda, S.P., Kamanula, J.F. and Stevenson, P.C. (2012) Highly Variable Insect Control Efficacy of Tephrosia vogelii Chemotypes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60, 10055-10063. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3032217
Mkindi, A.G., Tembo, Y., Mbega, E.R., Medvecky, B., Kendal-Smith, A., Farrell, I.W., Ndakidemi, P.A., Belmain, S.R. and Stevenson, P.C. (2019) Phytochemical Analysis of Tephrosia vogelii across East Africa Reveals Three Chemotypes That Influence Its Use as a Pesticidal Plant. Plants, 8, 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8120597
Koona, P. and Dorn, S. (2005) Extracts from Tephrosia vogelii for the Protection of Stored Legume Seeds against Damage by Three Bruchid Species. Annals of Applied Biology, 147, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.00006.x
Ijeh, I.I. and Ejike, C.E.C.C. (2011) Current Perspectives on the Medicinal Potentials of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5, 1051-10161.
Clement, E., Erharuyi, O., Vincent, I., Joy, A., Christopher, A., Anthony, A., Onyekaba, O.J., Iftikhar, A. and Abiodun, F. (2014) Significance of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amagdalina) in Tropical Diseases and Beyond: A Review. Malaria Chemotherapy, Control & Elimination, 3, 120.
Bonsi, M., Osuji, P., Tuah, A. and Umunna, N. (1995) Vernonia amygdalina as a Supplement to Teff Straw (Eragrostis tef) Fed to Ethiopian Menz Sheep. Agroforestry Systems, 31, 229-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00712076
Farombi, E.O. and Owoeye, O. (2011) Antioxidative and Chemopreventive Properties of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia biflavonoid. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 2533-2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8062533
Alara, O., Abdurahman, N. and Olalere, O. (2019) Ethanolic Extraction of Flavonoids, Phenolics and Antioxidants from Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Using Two-Level Factorial Design. Journal of King Saud University—Science, 31, 495-499.
Igile, G.O., Oleszek, W., Jurzysta, M., Burda, S., Fafunso, M. and Fasanmade, A.A. (1994) Flavonoids from Vernonia amygdalina and Their Antioxidant Activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42, 2445-2448. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00047a015
Masaba, S. (2000) The Antimalarial Activity of Vernonia amygdalina Del (Compositae). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical medicine and Hygiene, 94, 694-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(00)90236-0
Erasto, P., Grierson, D. and Afolayan, A. (2006) Bioactive Sesquiterpene Lactones from the Leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 106, 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.016
Akunne, C., Ononye, B. and Mogbo, T. (2014) Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mixed Leaf Powders of Vernonia amygdalina (L.) and Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)(Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering, 1, 86-95.
Adeniyi, S., Orjiekwe, C., Ehiagbonare, J. and Arimah, B. (2010) Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Insecticidal Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Four Tropical Plants (Vernonia amygdalina, Sida acuta, Ocimum gratissimum and Telfaria occidentalis) against Beans Weevil (Acanthscelides obtectus). International Journal of Physical Sciences, 5, 753-762.
Asawalam, E.F. and Hassanali, A. (2006) Constituents of the Essential Oil of Vernonia amygdalina as Maize Weevil Protectants. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 6, 95-102.
Mwanauta, R.W., Mtei, K.A. and Ndakidemi, P.A. (2014) Prospective Bioactive Compounds from Vernonia amygdalina, Lippia javanica, Dysphania ambrosioides and Tithonia diversifolia in Controlling Legume Insect Pests. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1129. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.512123
Maroyi, A. (2017) Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng.: Traditional and Commercial Uses and Phytochemical and Pharmacological Significance in the African and Indian Subcontinent. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, Article ID: 6746071. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6746071
Pascual, M., Slowing, K., Carretero, E., Mata, D.S. and Villar, A. (2001) Lippia: Traditional Uses, Chemistry and Pharmacology: A Review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 76, 201-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00234-3
Endris, A., Asfaw, N. and Bisrat, D. (2016) Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil of Lippia javanica Leaves from Ethiopia. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 28, 221-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2015.1108880
Singh, P., Jayaramaiah, R.H., Sarate, P., Thulasiram, H.V., Kulkarni, M.J. and Giri, A.P. (2014) Insecticidal Potential of Defense Metabolites from Ocimum kilimandscharicum against Helicoverpa armigera. PLoS ONE, 9, e104377. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104377
Gillij, Y., Gleiser, R. and Zygadlo, J. (2008) Mosquito Repellent Activity of Essential Oils of Aromatic Plants Growing in Argentina. Bioresource Technology, 99, 2507-2515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.066
Chen, Z.-Y., Guo, S.-S., Cao, J.-Q., Pang, X., Geng, Z.-F., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z. and Du, S.-S. (2018) Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Essential Oil from Amomum villosum Lour. and Its Main Compounds against Two Stored-Product Insects. International Journal of Food Properties, 21, 2265-2275. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1508158
Madzimure, J., Nyahangare, E.T., Hamudikuwanda, H., Hove, T., Stevenson, P.C., Belmain, S.R. and Mvumi, B.M. (2011) Acaricidal Efficacy against Cattle Ticks and Acute Oral Toxicity of Lippia javanica (Burm F.) Spreng. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 43, 481-489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9720-1
Wafula, M.C., Mutisya, M.D. and Malombe, I. (2019) Non-Volatile Chemical Composition and Botanical Extracts from Lippia javanica (Burm. F) Spreng. in Control of Cowpea Aphids. Journal of Applied Sciences, 19, 325-330. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2019.325.330