The present work has been performed to study the growth and metabolic activities of three broad bean cultivars (Giza 843, Sakha 1, and Giza 716) which are shown to have different response to sewage sludge applications and to determine the effects of phytohormones IAA or SA. Along with identifying the mechanisms of broad bean response and the role of growth regulators (200 ppm of IAA or 10 mM of SA) in counteract sewage sludge effects is examined. The situation can be recorded that growth parameters fresh, dry matter and water content of pods were significantly increased as increasing SSL in cultivars 843 and in Sakha up to 70% level. However, these parameters were markedly decreased as increasing SSL in cv. Giza 716. Length and number of pods were unchanged in cv. Sakha 1, increased in cv. Giza 843 while they decreased in cv. G iza 716 with increasing SSL. Phytohormonal application stimulated growth parameters in pods of three tested cultivars Giza 843, Sakha 1 and Giza 716 with sewage treatments. Soluble sugar and soluble protein content decreased as increasing SSL in both cv. Sakha 1 and cv. Giza 716. In cv. Giza 843, soluble sugar was significantly increased while soluble protein was decreased as increasing SSL. Proline content was unchanged in cv. Sakha 1, increased in cv. Giza 716 while decreased in cv. Giza 843. Metabolites (soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline) showed variations in three broad bean cultivars to IAA or SA application plus sewage sludge treatments. In cv. Giza 716 SS treatment increased Zn, Ni, PB and Cu. In cv. Giza 843 SS treatment decreased Zn, Pb, and Cu while incr eased Ni. In cv. Sakha 1 SS treatment decreased Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. Phytohormonal treatments showed an increasing or decreasing effect in heavy metal in three tested cultivars.
KeywordsSewage SludgeIAASABroad Bean Cultivars
Abdel-Dayem, S. (2011) Water Quality Management in Egypt. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 27, 181-202. https://researchgate.net https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2010.531522
El Kashouty, M., El Sayed, E. and Kamel, A.A. (2012) The Hydroemical Characterisitcs and Evolution of Groundwater and Surface Water in the Western Part of the River Nile, El-Minia District, Upper Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 5, 637-652. https://www.readucbe.com/articles/10.1007/s12517-010.021 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0219-x
Melegy, A., El-Kammar, A., Yehia, M.M. and Miro, G. (2013) Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Assessment of Water Resources in Beni Suef Governorate, Egypt. Open Journal of Ecology, 4, 44-57. https://www.researchgate.net
Abou Heleika, A., Ismail, E. and Ahmed, M. (2018) Delineation of Contamination Using Geophysical and Hydrogeochemical Methods around the El Moheet Drain in the El Minia District, Upper Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 11, 625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3927-2
Abd El-Samad, H.M., Shaddad, M.A.K. and Abd El-Hakeem, N.K. (2019) Combined Action of Cupper with IAA on Individual Amino Acids and Microelementin Pods of Two Broad Bean Cultivars. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 10, 670-697. https://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2019.104049
Zhang, Y., Sallach, J.B., Hodges, L., Snow, D.D., Bartelt-Hunt, S.L., Eskridge, K.M. and Li, X. (2016) Effects of Soil Texture and Drought Stress on the Uptake of Antibiotics and the Internalization of Salmonella in Lettuce Following Wastewater Irrigation. Environmental Pollution, 208, 523-531. http://www.researchgate.net https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.025
Turek, A., Wieczorek, K. and Wolf, W.M. (2019) Digestion Procedure and Determination of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge—An Analytic Problem. Sustainability, 11, 17553. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061753
Tytla, M., Widziewicz, K. and Zielewicz, Z. (2016) Heavy Metals and Its Chemical Speciation in Sewage Sludge at Different Stages of Processing. Environmental Technology, 37, 899-908. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2015.1090482
Duan, B., Zhang, W., Zheng, H., Wu, C., Zhang, Q. and Bu, Y. (2018) Disposal Situation of Sewage Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and Assessment of the Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals for Its Land Use in Shanxi, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 823. http://wwpi.com/joursl/ijerphw.md https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070823
Cantinho, P., Matos, M., Trancoso, M.A. and Correia dos Santos, M.M. (2016) Behaviour and Fate of Metals in Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 13, 359-386. https://www.springer.com/journal/13762 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0887-x
Duan, B., Zhang, W., Zheng, H., Wu, C., Zhang, Q. and Bu, Y. (2017) Comparison of Health Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals and as in Sewage Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) for Adults and Children in the Urban District of Taiyuan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101194
Milik, J.K., Pasela, R., Lachowicz, M. and Chalamonski, M. (2017) The Concentration of Trace Elements in Sewage Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant in Gniewino. JEE, 18, 118-124. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/74628
Zeid, I.M. and Abou El Ghate, H.M. (2007) Effect of Sewage Water on Growth, Metabolism and Yield of Bean. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7, 34-40. https://scialert.net/fulltextmobile/?doi=jbs.2007.34.40
Bourioug, M., Alaoui-Sossé, L., Laffray, X., Raouf, N., Benbrahim, M., Badot, P.M. and Alaoui-Sossé, B. (2014) Evaluation of Sewage Sludge Effects on Soil Properties, Plant Growth, Mineral Nutrition State, and Heavy Metal Distribution in European Larch Seedlings (Larix decidua). Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39, 5325-5335. https://www.springer.com/journal/13369 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1100-0
Wojinarowicz, P., Wang, W., Zhou, H., Parker, W.J. and Helbing, C.C. (2014) Increasing Activities of Municipal Wastewater in a Covetional Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant. Water Research, 1, 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.035
Klimas, E., Pulikowska, A.S., Gorka, B. and Wileczorek, P. (2016) Presence of Plant Hormones in Composts Made from Organic Fractions of Municipal Solid Waste. Journal of Elementology, 21, 1043-1053. https://www.agro.icm.edu.pl>element
Bucker-Neto, L., Paiva, A.L.S., Machado, R.D., Arenhart, R.A. and Pinheiro, M.M. (2017) Interactions between Plant Hormones and Heavy Metals Responses. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 40, 373-386. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0087
Tytla, M. (2019) Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk in Sewage Sludge from Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plant Located in the Most Industrialized Region in Poland—Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 2430-2445. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/13 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132430
Fales, F.W. (1951) The Assimilation and Degradation of Carbohydrates of Yeast Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 113-118. http://www.jbc.org/content/193/1/113.full.pdf
Lowry, O.H., Roserbrogh, N.J., Farr, L. and Ramadal, R.J. (1951) Protein Measurement with the Folin-Phenole Reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-275. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry
Bates, L.W., Waldern, R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973) Rapid Determination of Free Proline Foe Water Stress. Plant Soil, 39, 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060 https://link.spriger.content/article/10.1007/BF00018060
Steel, R.G. and Torrie, J.H. (1960) Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1977/A1977DU23500002
Bramryd, T. (2001) Effects of Liquid and Dewatered Sewage Sludge Applied to a Scots Pine Stand (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Central Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 147, 197-216. https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00476-X
El-Tayeh, N.A. (2011) Effect of Sewage Sludge Amendment on Some Growth Parameters in Cotton Plants. In AGRIS Science, 40, 47-60. https://agris.fao.org/agrissearch/search.do?recordID--EG2013000076
Tytla, M. (2018) The Effects of Ultrasonic Disintegration as Function of Waste Activated Sludge Characteristics and Technical Conditions of Conducting the Processes-Comprehensive Analysis. International Journal Research Public Health, 15, 2311. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30347832/ https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102311
Dar, M.I., Naikoo, M.I., Khan, F.A. and Green, I.D. (2018) Assessing the Feasibility of Sewage Sludge Applications for the Cultivation of Brassica juncea L.: Metal Accumulation, Growth, Biochemical and Yield Responses. Journal Environmental Science and Renewable Resources, 1, 104. https://elynsgroup.com https://www.semanticscholar.org
Kosowski, P., Szostek, M., Pieniazek, R., Antos, P., Skrobacz, K., Piechowiak, T., Azczek, A., Jozefczyk, R. and Balawejder, M. (2020) New Approach for Sewage Sludge Stabilization with a Zone. Sustainability, 12, 886. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/123/886 https://www.mdpi.com https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030886
Mazen, A., Faheed, F. and Ahmed, A. (2010) Study of Potential Impacts of Using Sewage Sludge in the Amendment of Desert Reclaimed Soil on Wheat and Jews Mallow Plants. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 53, 917-930. https://www.scielo.br/scielo.ph?script=sci-arttex&pid=s1516- 89132010000400022&Ing=en&nrm=150&lng=en https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132010000400022
Abdel Latef, A.A. and Sallam, M.M. (2015) Changes in Growth and Some Biochemical Parameters of Maize Plants Irrigated with Sewage Water. Austin Journal of Plant Biology, 1, 1004. https://www.austinpuplishinggroup.com/
Urbaniak, M., Wyrwicka, A., Toloczko, W., Serwecinska, L. and Zielinsko, M. (2017) The Effect of Sewage Sludge Application on Soil Properties and Allow (Salix sp.) Cultivation. Science of the Total Environment, 586, 66-75. https://www//researchgate.net3136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.012
Wyrwicka, A. and Urbaniak, M. (2018) The Biochemical Response of Willow Plants (Salix viminalis L.) to the Use of Sewage Sludge from Varios Size of Wastewater Treatment Plant. Science of the Total Environment, 615, 882-894. https://www.journals.elsevier.com/science-of-the-evironment https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.005
Singh, R.P. and Agrawal, M. (2008) Potential Benefits and Risks of Land Application of Sewage Sludge. Waste Management, 28, 347-358. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0956053x07000/41 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.010
Galal, Y.G.M. (2012) Recycling of Treated Sewage Sludge in Sustainable Agriculture. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, 45, 548-560. http://www.esnsa.eg.com/
Hudcova, H., Vymazal, J. and Rozkosny, M. (2019) Present Restrictions of Sewage Sludge Application in Agriculture within the European Union. Soil and Water Research, 14, 104-120. https://www.doi.org/10.17221/36/2018.SWR https://doi.org/10.17221/36/2018-SWR
Wyrwicka, A., Urbaniak, M. and Przybylisk, M. (2019) The Response of Cucumber Plants (Cumcumis sativus L.) to the Application of PCB Contaminated Sewage Sludge and Urban Sediment. PeerJ., 7, e6743. https://peerj.com/articles/6743/
Mosquera-Losada, M.R., Lopez-Diaz, L. and Rigueiro-Rodriguez, A. (2008) Sewage Sludge Fertilization of a Silvopastoral System with Pines in Northwestern Spain. Agroforestry Systems, 53, 1-10. https://www.researchgate.net%3E2252/
Martins, M.N.C., Souza, V.V. and Souza, T.D. (2016) Genotoxic and Mutagenic Effects of Sewage Sludge on Higher Plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 124, 489-496. https://www.researhgate.net/publication/286199104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.031
Lamastra, L., Suciu, N.A. and Trevisan, M. (2018) Sewage Sludge for Sustainable Agriculture: Contaminants Content and Potential Use as Fertilizer. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 5, Article No. 10. https://ink.springer.com/article/10.1186/s540538-0122-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-018-0122-3
Tandon, S.A., Kumar, R. and Parsana, S. (2015) Auxin Treatment of Wetland and Non-Wetland Plant Species to Enhance Their Phytoremediation Efficiency to Treat Municipal Wastewater. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 74, 702-707. http://www.sernanticscholar.org/paper/
Sakr, M.T., Darwish, M.M., Ibrahim, H.M. and Mostafa, N.A. (2012) Effect of Ascorbic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Yeast Extract, Thyme Oil and Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Heavy Metal-Affected or Sewage Sludge-Amended Soybean Plants. Journal of Plant Production Mansoura University, 3, 2223-22235. https://jpp.journal.ekb.eg/issue_12725_12800-html https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2012.84895
Liu, Z., Ding, Y., Wang, F., Ye, Y. and Zhu, C. (2016) Role of Salicylic Acid in Resistance to Cadmium Stress in Plant. Plant Cell Reports, 35, 719-731. https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26849671/ https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-015-1925-3
Li, Q., Wang, G., Wang, Y., Yang, D., Guan, C. and Jing, J. (2019) Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid Alleviated the Cadmium Toxicity by Modulation the Reactive Oxygen Species in Potato. Excotoxicology Environmental Safety, 172, 317-325. https://www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30721875/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.078
Guo, B., Liu, C., Liang, Y., Li, N. and Fu, Q. (2019) Salicylic Acid Signals Plant Defense Cadmium Toxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20, 2960. https://www.cbi.nlm.nih.jov/pmc/articles/PMC6627907/ https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122960
Sharma, A., Sidhu, G.P.S., Araniti, F., Bresti, M., Shahzad, B., Tripathi, D.K., Brestic, M., Skalicky, M. and Land, M. (2020) The Role of Salicylic Acid in Plants Exposed to Heavy Metals. Molecules, 25, 540. https://www.nvbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7037467/ https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030540