Cassava productivity is hampered by pests and diseases including cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). The main ob jective of this study was to identify stable superior genotypes that combine dis ease resistance and high yield. Sixteen cassava genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications for six planting seasons (years) at five sites in Tanzania. The genotypes were assessed using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis, and highly significant ( P < 0.001) effects of genotype, environment, and genotype- by-environment ( G * E ) interactions were observed for all traits studied. Per cent sum of squares (SS) due to environment (12.66% - 85.23%) was the highest followed by G * E (14.12% - 39.56%) for CMD foliar symptoms, root weight and dry matter. On the other hand, % SS due to genotype (52.14% - 69.14%) was highest followed by G * E (26.14% - 35.91%) for CBSD foliar and root symptoms indicating that the environment and G * E greatly influenced trait expression. The most stable genotypes which combined disease resistance and high yield were NDL 2003/31 and NDL 2003/111. The findings of this study will give impetus for the release of new cassava varieties that are not only high yielding but are also dually resistant to both CMD and CBSD in different locations and sites.
KeywordsCassava Brown Streak DiseaseCassava Mosaic DiseaseDisease ResistanceGenotype*Environment InteractionHigh Yield
FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database) (2019) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations STAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/2018
Jarvis, A., Ramirez-Villegas, J., Campo, B.V.H. and Navarro-Racines, C. (2012) Is Cassava the Answer to African Climate Change Adaptation? Tropical Plant Biology, 5, 9-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12042-012-9096-7
Nassar, N.M.A. and Ortiz, R. (2007) Cassava Improvement: Challenges and Impacts. Journal of Agricultural Science, 145, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859606006575
Anyanwu, C.N., Beto, C.N., Ezeoha, S.L. and Ogbuagu, N.J. (2015) Sustainability of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as Industrial Feedstock, Energy and Food Crop in Nigeria. Renewable Energy, 81, 745-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.075
Bhuiyan, M.M. and Iji, P.A. (2015) Energy Value of Cassava Products in Broiler Chicken Diets with or without Enzyme Supplementation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 28, 1317-1326. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0915
Tonukari, N., Ezedom, T., Enuma, C.C., Sakpa, S.O., Awioroko, O.J., Eraga, L. and Odiyoma, E. (2015) White Gold: Cassava as an Industrial Base. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6, 972-979. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.67103
Sriroth, K., Piyachomkwan, K., Wanlapatit, S. and Nivitchanyong, S. (2010) The Promise of a Technology Revolution in Cassava Bioethanol: From Thai Practice to the World Practice. Fuel, 89, 1333-1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.12.008
Fermont, A.M., Van Asten, P.J., Tittonell, P., Van Wijk, M.T. and Giller, K.E. (2009) Closing the Cassava Yield Gap: An Analysis from Smallholder Farms in East Africa. Field Crops Research, 112, 24-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.01.009
Samura, A.E., Lakoh, K.A., Nabay, O., Fomba, S.N. and Koroma, J.P. (2017) Effect of Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) on Yield and Profitability of Cassava and Gari Production Enterprises in Sierra Leone. Journal of Agricultural Science, 9, 205-216. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n2p205
Patil, B.L., Legg, J.P., Kanju, E. and Fauquet, C.M. (2015) Cassava Brown Streak Disease: A Threat to Food Security in Africa. Journal of General Virology, 96, 956-968. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000014
Legg, J.P., Jeremiah, S.C., Obiero, H.M., Maruthi, M.N., Ndyetabula, I., Okao-Okuja, G., Bouwmeester, H., Bigirimana, S., Tata-Hangy, W., Gashaka, G., Mkamilo, G. and Lava Kumar, P. (2011) Comparing the Regional Epidemiology of the Cassava Mosaic and Cassava Brown Streak Virus Pandemics in Africa. Virus Research, 159, 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.018
Tembo, M., Mataa, M., Legg, J., Chikoti, P.C. and Ntawuruhunga, P. (2017) Cassava Mosaic Disease: Incidence and Yield Performance of Cassava Cultivars in Zambia. Journal of Plant Patholology, 99, 681-689.
Masinde, E.A., Ogendo, J., Mkamilo, G., Maruthi, M.N., Hillocks, R., Mulwa, R.M.S. and Arama, P.F. (2016) Occurrence and Estimated Losses Caused by Cassava Viruses in Migori County, Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11, 2064-2074. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2016.10786
Mohammed, I.U., Ghosh, S. and Maruthi, M.N. (2015) Host and Virus Effects on Reversion in Cassava Affected by Cassava Brown Streak Disease. Plant Pathology, 65, 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12458
Jiwuba, L., Danquah, A., Asante, I., Blay, E., Onyeka, J., Danquah, E. and Egesi, C. (2020) Genotype by Environment Interaction on Resistance to Cassava Green Mite Associated Traits and Effects on Yield Performance of Cassava Genotypes in Nigeria. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, Article ID: 572200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.572200
Masinde, E.A., Mkamilo, G., Ogendo, J., Hillocks, R., Mulwa, R.M.S., Kimata, B. and Maruthi, M.N. (2017) Genotype by Environment Interactions in Identifying Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Resistant to Cassava Brown Streak Disease. Field Crops Research, 215, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.10.001
Maroya, N.G., Kulakow, P., Dixon, A.G.O. and Maziya-Dixon, B.B. (2012) Genotype × Environment Interaction of Mosaic Disease, Root Yields and Total Carotene Concentration of Yellow-Fleshed Cassava in Nigeria. International Journal of Agronomy, 2012, Article ID: 434675. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/434675
Malosetti, M., Ribaut, J. and van Eeuwijk, F.A. (2013) The Statistical Analysis of Multi-Environment Data: Modeling Genotype-by-Environment Interaction and Its Genetic Basis. Frontiers in Physiology, 4, Article No. 44. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00044
Falconer, D.S. and Mackay, T.F.C. (1996) Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 4th Edition, Longman, New York.
Masinde, E.A., Kimata, B., Ogendo, J.O., Mulwa, R.M.S., Mkamillo, G. and Maruthi, M.N. (2020) Developing Dual Resistant Cassava to the Two Major Viral Diseases. Crop Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20374
Ma’ali, S., Makgoga, W., Erasmus, J. and Swanepoel, S. (2019) Genotype-by-Environment Interaction and Yield Stability of Sunflower Hybrids across Production Environments in South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 36, 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2018.1558461
Ssemakula, G. and Dixon, A.G.O. (2007) Genotype Environment Interaction, Stability and Agronomic Performance of Carotenoid-Rich Cassava Clones. Scientific Research and Essays, 2, 390-399.
van Eeuwijk, F.A. (1995) Linear and Bilinear Models for the Analysis of Multi-Environment Trials: I. An Inventory of Models. Euphytica, 84, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01677551
Gauch Jr., H.G. (1988) Model Selection and Validation for Yield Trials with Interaction. Biometrics, 44, 705-715. https://doi.org/10.2307/2531585
Bernardo, R. (2010) Breeding for Quantitative Traits in Plants. 3rd Edition, Stemma Press, Woodbury.
Hagos, H.G. and Abay, F. (2013) AMMI and GGE Biplot Analysis of Bread Wheat Genotypes in the Northern Part of Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 1, 12-18.
Purchase, J.L., Hatting, H. and van Deventer, C.S. (2000) Genotype×Environment Interaction of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in South Africa: Stability Analysis of Yield Performance. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 17, 101-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2000.10634878
Nduwumuremyi, A., Melis, R., Shanahan, P. and Asiimwe, T. (2017) Interaction of Genotype and Environment Effects on Important Traits of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The Crop Journal, 5, 373-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.02.004
Tumuhimbise, R., Melis, R., Shanahan, P. and Kawuki, R. (2014) Genotype × Environment Interaction Effects on Early Fresh Storage Root Yield and Related Traits in Cassava. The Crop Journal, 2, 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2014.04.008
Kundy, A.C., Mkamilo, G.S. and Misangu, R.N. (2014) Assessment and Selection of Superior Genotypes among Elite Cassava Genotypes by Farmers and Scientists in Southern Tanzania. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 4, 24-32.
Hahn, S. K., Terry, E. R. and Leuschner, K. (1980) Breeding Cassava for Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease. Euphytica, 29, 673-683. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00023215
Hillocks, R.J., Raya, M. and Thresh, J.M. (1996) The Association Between Root Necrosis and Above-Ground Symptoms of Brown Streak Virus Infection of Cassava in Southern Tanzania. International Journal of Pest Management, 42, 285-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670879609372008
Hillocks, R.J. and Maruthi, M.N. (2015) Post-Harvest Impact of Cassava Brown Streak Disease in Four Countries in Eastern Africa. Food Chain, 5, 116-122. https://doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2015.008
Gondwe, F.M.T., Mahungu, N.M., Hillocks, R.J., Raya, M.D., Moyo, C.C., Soko, M.M., Chipungu, F.P. and Benesi, I.R.M. (2002) Economic Losses Experienced by Small-Scale Farmers in Malawi due to Cassava Brown Streak Virus Disease. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Cassava Brown Streak Virus Disease: Past, Present, and Future, Mombasa, 27-30 October 2002, 28-36.
Kawano, K. (1987) Inherent and Environmental Factors Related to Cassava Varietal Selection. In: Hershey, E., Ed., Cassava Breeding: A Multidisciplinary Review, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, 207-226.
Gauch, H.G. (2013) A Simple Protocol for AMMI analysis of Yield Trials. Crop Science, 53, 1860-1869. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2013.04.0241
Farshadfar, E. (2008) Incorporation of AMMI Stability Value and Grain Yield in a Single Non Parametric Index (GSI) in Bread Wheat. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, 1791-1796. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2008.1791.1796
Farshadfar, E., Geravandi, M. and Vaisi, Z. (2012) Chromosomal Localization of QTLs Controlling Genotype × Environment Interactions in Barley. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 4, 317-324.
Farshadfar, E., Mahmodi, N. and Yaghotipoor, A. (2011) AMMI Stability Value and Simultaneous Estimation of Yield and Yield Stability in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5, 1837-1844.
Bose, L.K., Jambhulkar, N.N., Pande, K. and Singh, O.N. (2014) Use of AMMI and other Stability Statistics in the Simultaneous Selection of Rice Genotypes for Yield and Stability under Direct-Seeded Conditions. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 74, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392014000100001
Mendiburu, F. (2020) Agricolae. R Package Version 1.3-3, Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
Senkoro, C.J., Tetteh, F.M., Kibunja, C.N., Ndungu-Magiroi, K.W., Quansah, G.W., Marandu, A.E., Ley, G.J., Mwangi, T.J. and Wortmannn, C. S. (2018) Cassava Yield and Economic Response to Fertilizer in Tanzania, Kenya and Ghana. Agronomy Journal, 110, 1600-1606. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.01.0019
Mtunguja, M.K., Laswai, H.S., Kanju, E., Ndunguru, J. and Muzanila, Y.C. (2016) Effect of Genotype and Genotype by Environment Interaction on Total Cyanide Content, Fresh Root, and Starch Yield in Farmer-Preferred Cassava Landraces in Tanzania. Food Science & Nutrition, 4, 791-801. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.345
Dondeyne, S., Ngatunga, E.L., Cools, N., Mugogo, S. and Deckers, J. (2001) Landscapes and Soils of South Eastern Tanzania: Their Sustainability for Cashew, In: Topper, C.P. and Kasuga, L.J., Eds., Knowledge Transfer for Sustainable Tree Crop Development—A Case History of the Tanzanian Integrated Cashew Management Programme, BioHydrids Agrisystems Ltd., Reading, 229-239.
Nordic Development Fund (2014) Coastal Profile for Tanzania Mainland 2014— Thematic Volume I Including Threats Prioritisation. Investment Prioritisation for Resilient Livelihoods and Ecosystems in Coastal Zones of Tanzania Project Report. Nordic Development Fund, Helsinki.
National Soil Service (1993) Revised Fertilizer Recommendations for Tanzania. In: Mowo, J.G., Floor, J., Kaihura, F.B.S. and Magoggo, J.P., Eds., Review of Fertilizer Recommendations for Tanzania Part 2, Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI)-Mlingano, Tanga, 15-30.
Adjebeng-Danquah, J., Manu-Aduening, J., Gracen, V.E., Asante, I. K. and Offei, S. K. (2017) AMMI Stability Analysis and Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Growth and Yield Components in Cassava in the Forest and Guinea Savannah Ecologies of Ghana. International Journal of Agronomy, 2017, Article ID: 8075846. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8075846
Pariyo, A., Baguma, Y., Alicai, T., Kawuki, R., Kanju, E., Bua, A., Omongo, C.A., Gibson, P., Osiru, D.S., Mpairwe, D. and Tukamuhabwa, P. (2015) Stability of Resistance to Cassava Brown Streak Disease in Major Agro-Ecological Zones of Uganda. Journal of Plant Breeding Crop Science, 7, 67-78. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPBCS2013.0490
Ogbe, F.O., Atiri, G.I., Dixon, A.G.O. and Thottappilly, G. (2003) Symptom Severity of Cassava Mosaic Disease in Relation to Concentration of African Cassava Mosaic Virus in Different Cassava Genotypes. Plant Pathology, 52, 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00805.x
Mohammed, I.U., Abarshi, M.M., Muli, B., Hillocks, R.J. and Maruthi, M.N. (2012) The Symptom and Genetic Diversity of Cassava Brown Streak Viruses Infecting Cassava in East Africa. Advances in Virology, 2012, Article ID: 795697. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/795697
Ariyo, O.A., Dixon, A.G.O. and Atiri, G.I. (2003) Effect of Detopping on Disease Incidence and Symptom Severity of African Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease (ACMD) on Some Newly Developed Cassava Cultivars from Landraces Introgression. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 38, 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1556/APhyt.38.2003.1-2.14
Rabbi, I.Y., Hamblin, M.T., Kumara, P.L., Gedila, M.A., Ikpana, A.S., Jannink, J.L. and Kulakow, P.A. (2014) High-Resolution Mapping of Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Geminiviruses in Cassava Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing and Its Implications for Breeding. Virus Research, 186, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.028
Masumba, E.A., Kapinga, F., Mkamilo, G., Salum, K., Kulembeka, H., Rounsley, S., Bredeson, J.V., Lyons, J.B., Rokhsar, S., Kanju, E., Katari, M.S., Myburg, A.A., van der Merwe, N.A. and Ferguson, M.E. (2017) QTL Associated with Resistance to Cassava Brown Streak and Cassava Mosaic Diseases in A Bi-Parental Cross of Two Tanzanian Farmer Varieties, Namikonga and Albert. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 130, 2069-2090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-2943-z
Kaweesi, T., Kawuki, R., Kyaligonza, V., Baguma, Y., Tusiime, G. and Ferguson, M.E. (2014) Field Evaluation of Selected Cassava Genotypes for Cassava Brown Streak Disease based on Symptom Expression and Virus Load. Virology Journal, 11, Article No. 216. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-014-0216-x
Shirima, R. R., Legg, J. P., Maeda, D. G., Tumwegamire, S., Mkamilo, G., Mtunda, K., Kulembeka, H., Ndyetabula, I., Kimata, B.P., Matondo, D.G., Ceasar, G., Mushi, E., Sichalwe, K. and Kanju, E. (2020) Genotype by Environment Cultivar Evaluation for Cassava Brown Streak Disease Resistance in Tanzania. Virus Research, 286, Article ID: 198017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198017
Daryanto, S., Wang, L. and Jacinthe, P.A. (2017) Global Synthesis of Drought Effects on Cereal, Legume, Tuber and Root Crops Production: A Review. Agricultural Water Management, 179, 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.04.022
Santisopasri, V., Kurotjanawong, K., Chotineeranat, S., Piyachomkwan, K., Sriroth, K. and Oates, C.G. (2001) Impact of Water Stress on Yield and Quality of Cassava Starch. Industrial Crops and Products, 13, 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00058-3
Maruthi, M.N., Kimata, B., Masinde, E.A. and Mkamilo, G. (2020) Effect of Time of Harvesting and Disease Resistance in Reducing Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Yield Losses by Two Viral Diseases. Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy, 6, 601-616. https://doi.org/10.31031/MCDA.2020.06.000628