Antimicrobial Effectiveness on Selected Bacterial Species and Alkaloid and Saponin Content of <i>Rosa nutkana</i> C. Presl (Nootka Rose) and <i>Urtica dioica</i> L. (Stinging Nettle) Extracts — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Antimicrobial Effectiveness on Selected Bacterial Species and Alkaloid and Saponin Content of <i>Rosa nutkana</i> C. Presl (Nootka Rose) and <i>Urtica dioica</i> L. (Stinging Nettle) Extracts
Indigenous Knowledge and Science, First Nations University of Canada, Regina, Canada
,
Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada
,
Indigenous Knowledge and Science, First Nations University of Canada, Regina, Canada
,
Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada
,
Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada
,
Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada
1 Indigenous Knowledge and Science, First Nations University of Canada, Regina, Canada
2 Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, Canada
3 Indigenous Knowledge and Science, First Nations University of Canada, Regina, Canada
Nootka rose ( Rosa nutkana C. Presl) and stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica L. ) have been traditionally used in the treatment of skin infection by Indigenous peoples of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The main objective of this study was to examine the antibacterial efficacy of extracts of Nootka rose and stinging nettle against the common pathogenic skin bacteria Staphylococcus aureus , Micrococcus luteus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Indigenous science and standard methods of analysis. The Indigenous science method of plant extraction by steeping as advised by the Traditional Knowledge keeper was performed to examine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) by serial dilution and bacterial population counts. Soxhlet extractions and Kirby Bauer disc sensitivity testing showed that Nootka rose extracts possessed antibacterial effectiveness against all three bacterial species while stinging nettle extracts were effective against M. luteus . Results for MIC and MBC indicated antibacterial activity against M. luteus and S. aureus for the Nootka rose when using full-strength solutions; all three bacterial species exhibited growth when undiluted stinging nettle treatments were used. When considering bacterial population counts for S. aureus, results indicated that only the Nootka rose treatment offered effective inhibition. Chemical analysis showed that alkaloid percentage was greater in the stinging nettle (0.17%) than Nootka rose (0.07%), while saponin percentage was greater in the Nootka rose (0.87%) than stinging nettle (0.17%). Overall, Nootka rose showed a greater level of antibacterial effectiveness than stinging nettle by Indigenous and Western scientific methods of plant extract preparation.
KeywordsAlkaloidsSaponinsAntimicrobialIndigenous KnowledgeNootka Rose (<i>Rosa nutkana</i>C. Presl)Stinging Nettle (<
World Health Organization (1999) Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Vol. 1, World Health Organization, Geneva, 295 p.
Singh, R., Hussain, S., Verma, R. and Sharma, P. (2013) Anti-Mycobacterial Screening of Five Indian Medicinal Plants and Partial Purification of Active Extracts of Cassia sophera and Urtica dioica. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 6, 366-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(13)60040-1
Salehzadeh, A., Asadpour, L., Naeemi, A.S. and Houshmand, E. (2014) Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Sambucus ebulus and Urtica dioica against Clinical Isolates of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 11, 38-40. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i5.6
Miyasaki, Y., Rabenstein, J.D., Rhea, J., Crouch, M.L., Mocek, U.M., Kittell, P.E., Morgan, M.A., Nichols, W.S., Van Benschoten, M.M., Hardy, W.D. and Liu, G.Y. (2013) Isolation and Characterization of Antimicrobial Compounds in Plant Extracts against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. PLoS ONE, 8, e61594. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061594
Chandra, H., Bishnoi, P., Yadav, A., Patni, B., Mishra, A.P. and Nautiyal, A.R. (2017). Antimicrobial Resistance and the Alternative Resources with Special Emphasis on Plant-Based Antimicrobials—A Review. Plants, 6, Article No. 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants6020016
Pojar, J. and MacKinnon, A. (1994) Plants of Coastal British Columbia including Washington, Oregon, and Alaska. Lone Pine, Vancouver, British Columbia, 528 p.
Mármol, I., Sánchez-de-Diego, C., Jiménez-Moreno, N., Ancín-Azpilicueta, C. and Rodríguez-Yoldi, M.J. (2017) Therapeutic Applications of Rose Hips from Different Rosa Species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18, Article No. 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061137
McCutcheon, A.R., Roberts, T.E., Gibbons, E., Ellis, S.M., Babiuk, L.A., Hancock, R.E.W. and Towers, G.H.N. (1995) Antiviral Screening of British Columbian Medicinal Plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 49, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(95)90037-3
Yi, O., Jovel, E.M., Towers, G.H.N., Wahbe, T.R. and Cho, D. (2007) Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Native Rosa sp. from British Columbia, Canada. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 58, 178-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480601121318
Jovel, E.M., Zhou, X.L., Ming, D.S., Wahbe, T.R. and Towers, G.H.N. (2007) Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of the Active Compounds from Rosa nutkana and Quantitative Analysis of Ascorbic Acid by HPLC. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 85, 865-871. https://doi.org/10.1139/Y07-053
i>
Urtica dioica<
/i>
L.)
Traditional Medicine in Northern America
Cummings, A.J. and Olsen, M. (2011) Mechanism of Action of Stinging Nettles. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 22, 136-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2011.01.001
Young, D., Rogers, R. and Willier, R. (2015) A Cree Healer and His Medicine Bundle: Revelations of Indigenous Wisdom—Healing Plants, Practices, and Stories. North Atlantic Book, Berkeley.
Randall, C., Meethan, K., Randall, H. and Dobbs, F. (1999) Nettle Sting of Urtica dioica for Joint Pain—An Exploratory Study of This Complementary Therapy. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 7, 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-2299(99)80119-8
Riehemann, K., Behnke, B. and Schulze-Osthoff, K. (1999) Plant Extracts from Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica), an Antirheumatic Remedy, Inhibit the Proinflammatory Transcription Factor NF-κB. FEBS Letters, 442, 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01622-6
Yang, C.L.H., Or, T.C.T., Ho, M.H.K. and Lau, A.S.Y. (2013) Scientific Basis of Botanical Medicine as Alternative Remedies for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology, 44, 284-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-012-8329-8
Di Lorenzo, C., Dell’Agli, M., Badea, M., Dima, L., Colombo, E., Sangiovanni, E., Restani, P. and Bosisio, E. (2013) Plant Food Supplements with Anti-Inflammatory Properties: A Systematic Review (II). Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 507-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2012.691916
Franciskovic, M., Gonzalez-Pérez, R., Orcic, D., de Medina, F.S., Martínez-Augustin, O., Svircev, E., Simin, N. and Mimica-Dukic, N. (2017) Chemical Composition and Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Urtica dioica L. (Stinging Nettle) Extracts. Phytotherapy Research, 31, 1183-1191. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5836
Di Sotto, A., Mazzanti, G., Savickiene, N., Starselskyte, R., Baksenskaite, V., Di Giacomo, S. and Vitalone, A. (2015) Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Activity of a Protein Fraction from Aerial Parts of Urtica dioica. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53, 935-938. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.950386
Gulcin, I., Küfrevioglu, O.I., Oktay, M. and Buyukokuroglu, M.E. (2004) Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antiulcer and Analgesic Activities of Nettle (Urtica dioca L.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 90, 205-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.028
Cushnie, T.P.T., Cushnie, B. and Lamb, A.J. (2014) Alkaloids: An Overview of Their Antibacterial, Antibiotic-Enhancing and Antivirulence Activities. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 44, 377-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001
Cirioni, O., Myszka, H., Dawgul, M., Ghiselli, R., Orlando, F., Silvestri, C., Brescini, L., Kamysz, W., Guerrieri, M. and Giacometti, A. (2011) In Vitro Activity and in Vivo Efficacy of the Saponin Diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside Hydrochloride (HSM1) Alone and in Combination with Daptomycin and Vancomycin against Gram-Positive Cocci. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 60, 1337-1343. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.031708-0
Alkowni, R., Jodeh, S., Hussein, F. and Jaradat, N. (2018) Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Cyclamen persicum Mill Tuber Extracts. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31, 187-192.
Hostettmann, K. and Marston, A. (1995) Saponins. Cambridge University Press, New York. 564 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511565113
Flora of North America (2005) Saponaria officinalis. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220011957
Faizal, A. and Geelen, D. (2013) Saponins and Their Role in Biological Processes in Plants. Phytochemistry Reviews, 12, 877-893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-013-9322-4
Turner, N.J., Bouchard, R. and Kennedy, D.I.D. (1980) Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria.
Kelly, L.M., Jacobs, M.R. and Appelbaum, P.C. (1999) Comparison of Agar Dilution, Microdilution, E-Test, and Disk Diffusion Methods for Testing Activity of Cefditoren against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37, 3296-3299. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.37.10.3296-3299.1999
Daruházi, á.E., Szarka, S., Héthelyi, é., Simándi, B., Gyurján, I., László, M. and Lemberkovics, é. (2008) GC-MS Identification and GC-FID Quantification of Terpenoids in Ononidis spinosae Radix. Chromatographia, 68, S71-S76. https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-008-0679-2
Mistry, K., Mehta, M., Mendpara, N., Gamit, S. and Shah, G. (2010) Determination of Antibacterial Activity and MIC of Crude Extract of Abrus precatorius L. Journal of Advanced Biotechnology, 10, 25-27.
Holetz, F.B., Pessini, G.L., Sanches, N.R., Cortez, D.A.G., Nakamura, C.V. and Filho, B.P.D. (2002) Screening of Some Plants Used in the Brazilian Folk Medicine for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 97, 1027-1031. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002000700017
Jacobs, M. R. and Appelbaum, P.C. (1995) Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococci. Reviews in Medical Microbiology, 6, 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1097/00013542-199504000-00001
Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. (2010) Microbiology: An Introduction. 10th Edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
Nilson, A.M. and Holley, R.A. (2012) Use of Deodorized Yellow Mustard Powder to Control E. coli O157:H7 in Dried Cured Westphalian Ham. Food Microbiology, 30, 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2011.10.016
Fazal, H., Ahmad, N. and Khan M.A. (2011) Physico-Chemical, Phytochemical Evaluation and DPPH-Scavenging Antioxidant Potential in Medicinal Plants Used for Herbal Formulation in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43, 63-67.
Nilson, S., Gendron, F., Bellegarde, J., McKenna, B., Louie, D., Manson, G. and Alphonse, H. (2014) Preliminary Scientific Investigation of the Effectiveness of the Medicinal Plants Plantago major and Achillea millefolium against the Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in Partnership with Indigenous Elders. Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants and Indigenous Medicine, 3, 402-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2011.10.016
Singh, R., Dar, S.A. and Sharma, P. (2012) Antibacterial Activity and Toxicological Evaluation of Semi Purified Hexane Extract of Urtica dioica leaves. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 6, 123-135. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2012.123.135
Eslami, G., Taheri, S., Ayatollahi, S.A.M., Malek, G., Fallah, F. and Pourkaveh, B. (2011) Comparison of Rosa nutkana Sepal Extract with Synthetic Antibiotics for Treatment of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients with Sty. Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 6, 7-11.
Motamedi, H., Seyyednejad, S.M., Bakhtiari, A. and Vafaei, M. (2014) Introducing Urtica dioica, a Native Plant of Khuzestan, as an Antibacterial Medicinal Plant. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 9, e15904. https://doi.org/10.17795/jjnpp-15904
Kukric, Z.Z., Topalic-Trivunovic, L.N., Kukavica, B.M., Matos, S.B., Pavicic, S.S., Boroja, M.M. and Savic, A.V. (2012) Characterization of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Nettle Leaves (Urtica dioica L.). Acta Periodica Technologica, No. 43, 257-272. https://doi.org/10.2298/APT1243257K
Maatalah, M.B., Bouzidi, N.K., Bellahouel, S., Merah, B., Fortas, Z., Soulimani, R., Saidi, S. and Derdour, A. (2012) Antimicrobial Activity of the Alkaloids and Saponin Extracts of Anabasis articulata. E3 Journal of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, 3, 54-57.
Abdeltawab, A.A., Ullah, Z., Al-Othman, A.M., Ullah, R., Hussain, I., Ahmad, S. and Talha, M. (2012) Evaluation of the Chemical Composition and Element Analysis of Urtica dioica. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6, 1555-1558.
Ghaima, K.K., Hashim, N.M. and Ali, S.A. (2013) Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Nettle (Urtica dioica) and Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3, 96-99.
Dar, S.A., Ganai, F.A., Yousuf, A.R., Balkhi, M.H., Bhat, T.M. and Sharma, P. (2013) Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Urtica dioica. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51, 170-180. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.715172
Kan, Y., Orhan, I., Koca, U., Ozcelik, B., Aslan, S., Kartal, M. and Küsmenoglu, S. (2009) Fatty Acid Profile and Antimicrobial Effect of the Seed Oils of Urtica dioica and U. pilulifera. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6, 21-30.