A Survey of the Major Sorghum Production Regions for Foliar and Panicle Diseases during the 2022 Growing Season in Senegal, West Africa — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
A Survey of the Major Sorghum Production Regions for Foliar and Panicle Diseases during the 2022 Growing Season in Senegal, West Africa
USDA-ARS, SPARC, College Station, USA
,
Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
,
Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
,
Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
,
Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
,
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
,
Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
,
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
1 USDA-ARS, SPARC, College Station, USA
2 Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
3 Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
4 Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
5 Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
6 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
7 Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Bambey, Senegal
8 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Sorghum is a vital commodity and greatly contributes to the daily calorie needs for millions of the inhabitants in Senegal, West Africa. Yet, sorghum productivity and profitability are impacted by diseases. In the 2022 growing season, 122 farmers’ fields across 7 regions, notably Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kolda, Tambacounda, and Thies were surveyed for foliar and panicle diseases. During the survey, stops were made at 30 km intervals and at each stop, 2 - 5 fields were evaluated. In each field, 40 plants mostly at soft to early hard dough stages of development were assessed using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. A total of 13 diseases, including leaf blight, anthracnose, Zonate leaf spot, Sooty stripe, rough leaf spot, oval leaf spot, long smut, grain mold, and covered kernel smut were documented. The most predominant diseases were leaf blight, anthracnose, and zonate leaf spot. The prevalence of leaf blight was 100%, while anthracnose and zonate leaf spot were found in 93 out of the 122 fields surveyed, indicating a 76% prevalence, respectively. Across the regions, the prevalence of rough leaf spot was 47%, covered kernel smut (32%), oval leaf spot (19%) and target leaf spot (19%). Mean incidence of leaf blight was high in all regions, ranging from 94% (Kaolack) to 100% (Fatick and Tambacounda). The highest mean incidence of anthracnose (62%) and covered kernel smut (16%) was noted in Tambacounda region. In the region of Thies, the highest mean incidence of zonate leaf spot (49%) was recorded. The mean severity of leaf blight (37%) was highest on plants assessed in the region of Kaffrine, followed by those in the regions of Kaolack, Tambacounda, and Kolda. Anthracnose infection was most intense on plants evaluated in Kolda, while zonate leaf spot was most severe in the region of Tambacounda. Fields with incidences of 85% and above were considered as “hotspots” to evaluate sorghum germplasm for disease resistance. This survey is significant because the information obtained will be beneficial to plant pathologists, sorghum producers, government officials, and funding agencies to prioritize research projects that ensure productivity and food security.
Mundia, C.W., Secchi, S., Akamani, K. and Wang, G. (2019) A Regional Comparison of Factors Affecting Global Sorghum Production: The Case of North America, Asia, and Africa’s Sahel. Sustainability, 11, Article No. 2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072135
Upadhyaya, H., Vetriventhan, M., Asiri, A., Azevedo, V.C.R., Sharma, H., SAharma, R., Sharma, S.P. and Wang, Y.-H. (2019) Multi-Trait Diverse Germplasm Sources from Mini Core Collection for Sorghum Improvement. Agriculture, 9, Article No. 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9060121
Xu, J., Wang, W. and Zhao, Y. (2021) Phenolic Compounds in Whole Grain Sorghum and Their Health Benefits. Foods, 10, Article No. 1921. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081921
USDA-WAP: World Agricultural Production, Foreign Agricultural Service Circular Series WAP March 2023. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/production.pdf
Frederiksen, R.A. and Odvody, G.N. (2000) Compendium of Sorghum Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, 78 p.
Upadhyaya, H.D., Reddy, K.N., Vetriventhan, M., Ahmed, M.I., Krishna, G.M., Reddy, M.T. and Singh, S.K. (2017) Sorghum Germplasm from West and Central Africa Maintained in the ICRISAT Genebank: Status, Gaps, and Diversity. The Crop Journal, 5, 518-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.07.002
Fall, R., Cissé, M., Sarr, F., Kane, A., Diatta, C. and Diouf, M. (2016) Production and Use Sorghum: A Literature Review. Journal of Nutrition Health and Food Science, 4, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.15226/jnhfs.2016.00157
Sirany, T., Tadele, E., Aregahegn, H. and Wale, D. (2022) Economic Potentials and Use Dynamics of Sorghum Food System in Ethiopia: Its Implications to Resolve Food Deficit. Advances in Agriculture, 2022, Article ID: 4580643. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4580643
Gonzalez, R., Phillips, R., Saloni, D., Jameel, H., Abt, R., Pirraglia, A. and Wright, J. (2011) Biomass to Energy in the Southern United States: Supply Chain and Delivered Cost. BioResources, 6, 2954-2976. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.3.2954-2976
Araújo, K., Mahajan, D., Kerr, R. and da Silva, M. (2017) Global Biofuels at the Crossroads: An Overview of Technical, Policy, and Investment Complexities in the Sustainability of Biofuel Development. Agriculture, 7, Article No. 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture7040032
Corsato Alvarenga, I. and Aldrich, C.G. (2018) The Effect of Sorghum Fractions on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility and Antioxidant Capacity by Dogs. PLOS ONE, 13, e0206090. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206090
Senegal
Frankowski, J., PrzybylskaBalcerek, A. and Stuper-Szablewska, K. (2022) Concentration of Pro-Health Compound of Sorghum Grain-Based Foods. Foods, 11, Article No. 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020216
Ndiaye, M., Adam, M., Ganyo, K.K., Guissé, A., Cissé, N. and Muller, B. (2019) Genotype-Environment Interaction: Trade-Offs between the Agronomic Performance and Stability of Dual-Purpose Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Genotypes in Senegal. Agronomy, 9, Article No. 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120867
Pereira, L.M. and Hawkes, C. (2022) Leveraging the Potential of Sorghum as a Healthy Food and Resilient Crop in the South African Food System. Frontier in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, Article ID: 786151. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.786151
Kadi Kadi, H.A., Kapran, I. and Pendleton, B.B. (2005) Identification of Sorghum Genotypes Resistant to Sorghum Midge in Niger. International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter, 46, 57-59.
Prom, L.K., Sarr, M.P., Diatta, C., Ngom, A., Aïdara, O., Cissé, N. and Magill, C. (2021) The Occurrence and Distribution of Sorghum Diseases in Major Production Regions of Senegal, West Africa. The Plant Pathology Journal, 20, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2021.1.10
Fall, S., Niyogi, D. and Semazzi, F.H.M. (2006) Analysis of Mean Climate Conditions in Senegal (1971-98). Earth Interactions, 10, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1175/EI158.1
Diouf, N.S., Ouedraogo, I., Zougmoré, R.B., Ouedraogo, M., Partey, S.T. and Gumucio, T. (2019) Factors Influencing Gendered Access to Climate Information Services for Farming in Senegal. Gender, Technology and Development, 23, 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2019.1649790
Sarr, A.B. and Camara, M. (2018) Simulation of the Impact of Climate Change on Peanut Yield in Senegal. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 13, 79-89. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS2017.4710
Prom, L.K., Adamou, H., Bibata, A.O., Issa, K., Abdoulkadri, A.A., Oumarou, O.H., Adamou, B., Fall, C. and Magill, C. (2023) Incidence, Severity, and Prevalence of Sorghum Diseases in the Major Production Regions in Niger. Journal of Plant Studies, 12, 48-59. https://doi.org/10.5539/jps.v12n1p48
Kangama, C.O. (2017) Importance of Sorghum Bicolor in African’s Cultures. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 6, 134-137. https://doi.org/10.15640/jaes.v6n2a16
Prom, L.K., Haougui, A., Adamou, I., Abdoulkadri, A.A., Karimou, I., Ali, O.B. and Magill, C. (2020) Survey of the Prevalence and Incidence of Foliar and Panicle Diseases of Sorghum across Production Fields in Niger. The Plant Pathology Journal, 19, 106-113. https://doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2020.106.113
Beshir, M.M., Ahmed, N.E., Mukhtar, A., Babiker, I.H., Rubaihayo, P. and Okori, P. (2015) Prevalence and Severity of Sorghum Leaf Blight in the Sorghum Growing Areas of Central Sudan. Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 54-60. https://repository.ruforum.org/sites/default/files/Beshir%20et%20al_2015%20Wudpeker%20Journal.pdf
Koima, I.N., Kilalo, D.C., Orek, C.O., Wagacha, J.M. and Nyaboga, E.N. (2022) Survey of Fungal Foliar and Panicle Duseases in Smallholder Sorghum Cropping Systems in Different Agro-Ecologies of Lower Eastern Kenya. Microbiological Research, 13, 765-787. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres13040055
Njoroge, S.M., Takan, J.P., Letayo, E.A., Okoth, P.S., Ajaku, D.O., Rathore, A., Ojulong, H. and Manyasa, E. (2018) Survey of Fungal Foliar and Panicle Diseases of Sorghum in Important Agroecological Zones of Tanzania and Uganda. Plant Health Progress, 19, 265-271. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-04-18-0013-S
Teferi, T.A. and Wubshet, M.L. (2015) Prevalence and Intensity of Economically Important Fungal Diseases of Sorghum in South Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Sciences, 3, 92-98. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20150302.18 https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/html/10.11648.j.jps.20150302.18.html
Tsedaley, B., Adugna, G. and Lemessa, F. (2016) Distribution and Importance of Sorghum Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sublineolum) in Southwestern and Western Ethiopia. The Plant Pathology Journal, 15, 75-85. https://doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2016.75.85
Ngugi, H.K., King, S.B., Abaya, G.O. and Reddy, Y.V.R. (2002) Prevalence, Incidence, and Severity of Sorghum Diseases in Western Kenya. Plant Disease, 86, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.1.65
Nutsugah, S.K., Atokple, I.D.K. and Leth, V. (2008) Sorghum Diseases Prevalent in Ghana. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, 40, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v40i2.2161
Eshte, Y., Mitiku, M. and Shiferaw, W. (2015) Assessment of Important Plant Disease of Major Crops (Sorghum, Maize, Common Bean, Coffee, Mung Bean, Cowpea) in South Omo and Segen People Zone of Ethiopia. Current Agriculture Research, 3, 75-79. https://doi.org/10.12944/CARJ.3.1.10
Diatta, C. (2016) Development of Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] for Resistance to Grain Mold in Senegal. West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, College of Basic and Applied Sciences. Thesis, University of Ghana, Accra, 173. http://www.ceraas.org/2019/08/09/development-of-sorghum-sorghum-bicolor-l-moench- for-resistance-to-grain-mold-in-senegal
Prom, L.K., Perumal, Isakeit, T., Radwan, G., Rooney, W.L. and Magill, C. (2015) The Impact of Weather Conditions on Response of Sorghum Genotypes to Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sublineola) Infection. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 6, 242-250. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEA/2015/14589
Erpelding, J.E. and Prom, L.K. (2006) Variation for Anthracnose Resistance within Sorghum Germplasm Collection from Mozambique, Africa. The Plant Pathology Journal, 5, 28-34. https://doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2006.28.34
Yohannes-Kassahun, B. (2023) One Year Later: The Impact of the Russian Conflict with Ukraine on Africa. Africa Renewal. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/february-2023/one-year-later-impact- russian-conflict-ukraine-africa