Effects of Nitrogen Supply on the Physiological and Morphological Responses to Elevated [CO 2 ] in Yellow Birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Effects of Nitrogen Supply on the Physiological and Morphological Responses to Elevated [CO 2 ] in Yellow Birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.)
Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
,
Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
,
Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
,
Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
1 Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
2 Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
3 Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
4 Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Climate change impacts soil nitrogen, influencing plant responses to elevated atmospheric [CO 2 ]. Understanding the interaction between nitrogen supply and elevated [CO 2 ] is crucial for predicting plant future performance. This study examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO 2 ] and nitrogen supply on the eco-physiological performance of yellow birch. Seedlings were exposed to two [CO 2 ] levels and five nitrogen supply levels for 4 months. Growth parameters such as seedling height and root collar diameter increased with higher nitrogen supply and elevated [CO 2 ], while specific leaf area decreased. [CO 2 ] elevation and increasing nitrogen supply also increased the total and stem, and leaf biomass. The elevated [CO 2 ] increased the stem mass ratio but decreased the root-to-shoot ratio and root mass ratio. However, decreases in nitrogen supply increased root mass ratio and root-to-shoot ratio. The elevated [CO 2 ] increased the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation ( V c max ) and photosynthetic electron transport ( J max ), but the effect on J max was statistically significant only at the two highest nitrogen supply levels. The results indicate that yellow birch may increase photosynthetic capacity, biomass, and growth in the future when [CO 2 ] is higher.
IPCC (2022) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Shen, Y., Chen, W., Yang, G., Yang, X., Liu, N., Sun, X., et al. (2016) Can Litter Addition Mediate Plant Productivity Responses to Increased Precipitation and Nitrogen Deposition in a Typical Steppe? Ecological Research , 31, 579-587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-016-1368-5
Maxwell, T.L., Canarini, A., Bogdanovic, I., Böckle, T., Martin, V., Noll, L., et al. (2022) Contrasting Drivers of Belowground Nitrogen Cycling in a Montane Grassland Exposed to a Multifactorial Global Change Experiment with Elevated CO 2 , Warming, and Drought. Global Change Biology , 28, 2425-2441. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16035
Erisman, J.W., Galloway, J.N., Seitzinger, S., Bleeker, A., Dise, N.B., Petrescu, A.M.R., et al. (2013) Consequences of Human Modification of the Global Nitrogen Cycle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences , 368, Article ID: 20130116. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0116
Delgado‐Baquerizo, M., Maestre, F.T., Gallardo, A., Eldridge, D.J., Soliveres, S., Bowker, M.A., et al. (2015) Human Impacts and Aridity Differentially Alter Soilnavailability in Drylands Worldwide: Global Change Drivers Differentially Alter N Availability. Global Ecology and Biogeography , 25, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12382
Stevens, C.J. (2019) Nitrogen in the Environment. Science , 363, 578-580. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav8215
Ambebe, T.F., Dang, Q. and Marfo, J. (2009) Low Soil Temperature Reduces the Positive Effects of High Nutrient Supply on the Growth and Biomass of White Birch Seedlings in Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations. Botany , 87, 905-912. https://doi.org/10.1139/b09-060
Vicente, R., Pérez, P., Martínez-Carrasco, R., Feil, R., Lunn, J.E., Watanabe, M., et al. (2016) Metabolic and Transcriptional Analysis of Durum Wheat Responses to Elevated Co 2 at Low and High Nitrate Supply. Plant and Cell Physiology , 57, 2133-2146. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcw131
Liang, X., Zhang, T., Lu, X., Ellsworth, D.S., BassiriRad, H., You, C., et al. (2020) Global Response Patterns of Plant Photosynthesis to Nitrogen Addition: A Meta‐analysis. Global Change Biology , 26, 3585-3600. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15071
Hu, S., Wang, Y. and Yang, L. (2021) Response of Rice Yield Traits to Elevated Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration and Its Interaction with Cultivar, Nitrogen Application Rate and Temperature: A Meta-Analysis of 20 Years FACE Studies. Science of The Total Environment , 764, Article ID: 142797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142797
Kant, S., Seneweera, S., Rodin, J., Materne, M., Burch, D., Rothstein, S.J., et al. (2012) Improving Yield Potential in Crops under Elevated CO 2 : Integrating the Photosynthetic and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiencies. Frontiers in Plant Science , 3, Article 162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2012.00162
Mueller, K.E., Hobbie, S.E., Tilman, D. and Reich, P.B. (2013) Effects of Plant Diversity, N Fertilization, and Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Grassland Soil N Cycling in a Long-Term Experiment. Global Change Biology , 19, 1249-1261. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12096
Takatani, N., Ito, T., Kiba, T., Mori, M., Miyamoto, T., Maeda, S., et al. (2014) Effects of High CO 2 on Growth and Metabolism of Arabidopsis Seedlings during Growth with a Constantly Limited Supply of Nitrogen. Plant and Cell Physiology , 55, 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pct186
Kuzyakov, Y. (2002) Review: Factors Affecting Rhizosphere Priming Effects. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science , 165, 382-396. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2624(200208)165:4<382::aid-jpln382>3.0.co;2-#
Dijkstra, F.A., Pendall, E., Mosier, A.R., King, J.Y., Milchunas, D.G. and Morgan, J.A. (2008) Long-Term Enhancement of N Availability and Plant Growth under Elevated CO 2 in a Semi-Arid Grassland. Functional Ecology , 22, 975-982. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01398.x
Rütting, T., Clough, T.J., Müller, C., Lieffering, M. and Newton, P.C.D. (2010) Ten Years of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Alters Soil Nitrogen Transformations in a Sheep-Grazed Pasture: Effect of Elevated CO 2 on N Cycle in Pasture. Global Change Biology , 16, 2530-2542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02089.x
Phillips, R.P., Finzi, A.C. and Bernhardt, E.S. (2010) Enhanced Root Exudation Induces Microbial Feedbacks to N Cycling in a Pine Forest under Long-Term CO 2 Fumigation: Rhizosphere Feedbacks in CO 2 -Enriched Forests. Ecology Letters , 14, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01570.x
Jin, X., Yang, G., Tan, C. and Zhao, C. (2015) Effects of Nitrogen Stress on the Photosynthetic CO 2 Assimilation, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Sugar-Nitrogen Ratio in Corn. Scientific Reports , 5, Article No. 9311. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09311
Dong, J., Li, X., Chu, W. and Duan, Z. (2017) High Nitrate Supply Promotes Nitrate Assimilation and Alleviates Photosynthetic Acclimation of Cucumber Plants under Elevated CO 2 . Scientia Horticulturae , 218, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.11.026
Drake, B.G., Gonzàlez-Meler, M.A. and Long, S.P. (1997) More Efficient Plants: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO 2 ? Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology , 48, 609-639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.609
Makino, A. and Mae, T. (1999) Photosynthesis and Plant Growth at Elevated Levels of CO 2 . Plant and Cell Physiology , 40, 999-1006. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029493
Zhang, Y., Duan, B., Qiao, Y., Wang, K., Korpelainen, H. and Li, C. (2008) Leaf Photosynthesis of Betula albosinensis Seedlings as Affected by Elevated CO 2 and Planting Density. Forest Ecology and Management , 255, 1937-1944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.12.015
Ambebe, T.F., Dang, Q.L. and Li, J. (2009) Low Soil Temperature Inhibits the Effect of High Nutrient Supply on Photosynthetic Response to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentration in White Birch Seedlings. Tree Physiology , 30, 234-243. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpp109
Ainsworth, E.A. and Long, S.P. (2004) What Have We Learned from 15 Years of Free‐Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE)? A Meta‐Analytic Review of the Responses of Photosynthesis, Canopy Properties and Plant Production to Rising CO 2 . New Phytologist , 165, 351-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x
Warren, J.M., Jensen, A.M., Medlyn, B.E., Norby, R.J. and Tissue, D.T. (2015) Carbon Dioxide Stimulation of Photosynthesis in Liquidambar styraciflua Is Not Sustained during a 12-Year Field Experiment. AoB PLANTS , 7, plu074. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plu074
Terrer, C., Jackson, R.B., Prentice, I.C., Keenan, T.F., Kaiser, C., Vicca, S., et al. (2019) Nitrogen and Phosphorus Constrain the CO 2 Fertilization of Global Plant Biomass. Nature Climate Change , 9, 684-689. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0545-2
Wujeska‐Klause, A., Crous, K.Y., Ghannoum, O. and Ellsworth, D.S. (2019) Lower Photorespiration in Elevated CO 2 Reduces Leaf N Concentrations in Mature Eucalyptus trees in the Field. Global Change Biology , 25, 1282-1295. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14555
Birami, B., Nägele, T., Gattmann, M., Preisler, Y., Gast, A., Arneth, A., et al. (2020) Hot Drought Reduces the Effects of Elevated CO 2 on Tree Water-Use Efficiency and Carbon Metabolism. New Phytologist , 226, 1607-1621. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16471
Ainsworth, E.A. and Long, S.P. (2020) 30 Years of Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE): What Have We Learned about Future Crop Productivity and Its Potential for Adaptation? Global Change Biology , 27, 27-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15375
Wang, G., Zheng, J., Wang, L. and Dang, Q. (2023) Nitrogen Supply Influences Photosynthetic Acclimation of Yellow Birch ( Betula costata Trautv.) to the Combination of Elevated CO 2 and Warmer Temperature. New Forests , 55, 861-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-023-10007-9
Wang, L., Zheng, J., Wang, G. and Dang, Q. (2022) Combined Effects of Elevated CO 2 and Warmer Temperature on Limitations to Photosynthesis and Carbon Sequestration in Yellow Birch. Tree Physiology , 43, 379-389. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpac128
Rogers, A. and Ellsworth, D.S. (2002) Photosynthetic Acclimation of Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) to Long-Term Growth in Elevated CO 2 (FACE): Photosynthetic Acclimation in Elevated CO 2 . Plant , Cell & Environment , 25, 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00868.x
Kitaoka, S., Matsuki, S., Kitao, M., Tobita, H., Utsugi, H., Maruyama, Y., et al. (2016) The Photosynthetic Response of Four Seral Deciduous Broad-Leaved Tree Seedlings Grown under Elevated CO 2 Concentrations. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology , 72, 43-49. https://doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.d-14-00016
Lambers, H. and Oliveira, R.S. (2019) Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29639-1
Ghildiyal, M.C. and Sharma-Natu, P. (2000) Photosynthetic Acclimation to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology , 38, 961-966.
Kelly, A.A., van Erp, H., Quettier, A., Shaw, E., Menard, G., Kurup, S., et al. (2013) The SUGAR-DEPENDENT1 Lipase Limits Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Vegetative Tissues of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology , 162, 1282-1289. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.219840
Pastore, M.A., Lee, T.D., Hobbie, S.E. and Reich, P.B. (2019) Strong Photosynthetic Acclimation and Enhanced Water‐use Efficiency in Grassland Functional Groups Persist over 21 Years of CO 2 Enrichment, Independent of Nitrogen Supply. Global Change Biology , 25, 3031-3044. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14714
Silva-Pérez, V., De Faveri, J., Molero, G., Deery, D.M., Condon, A.G., Reynolds, M.P., et al. (2019) Genetic Variation for Photosynthetic Capacity and Efficiency in Spring Wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany , 71, 2299-2311. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz439
Cotrufo, M.F., Ineson, P. and Scott, A. (1998) Elevated CO 2 Reduces the Nitrogen Concentration of Plant Tissues. Global Change Biology , 4, 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00101.x
Norby, R.J., Warren, J.M., Iversen, C.M., Medlyn, B.E. and McMurtrie, R.E. (2010) CO 2 Enhancement of Forest Productivity Constrained by Limited Nitrogen Availability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 107, 19368-19373. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006463107
Tobita, H., Uemura, A., Kitao, M., Kitaoka, S., Maruyama, Y. and Utsugi, H. (2011) Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Soil Nutrients and Water Conditions on Photosynthetic and Growth Responses of Alnus Hirsuta. Functional Plant Biology , 38, 702-710. https://doi.org/10.1071/fp11024
Xu, Z., Shimizu, H., Yagasaki, Y., Ito, S., Zheng, Y. and Zhou, G. (2013) Interactive Effects of Elevated CO 2 , Drought, and Warming on Plants. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation , 32, 692-707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-013-9337-5
Tcherkez, G., Gauthier, P., Buckley, T.N., Busch, F.A., Barbour, M.M., Bruhn, D., et al. (2017) Leaf Day Respiration: Low CO 2 Flux but High Significance for Metabolism and Carbon Balance. New Phytologist , 216, 986-1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14816
Singh, S.K., Reddy, V.R., Fleisher, D.H. and Timlin, D.J. (2014) Growth, Nutrient Dynamics, and Efficiency Responses to Carbon Dioxide and Phosphorus Nutrition in Soybean. Journal of Plant Interactions , 9, 838-849. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2014.959570
Bloom, A.J., Burger, M., Kimball, B.A. and Pinter Jr., P.J. (2014) Nitrate Assimilation Is Inhibited by Elevated CO 2 in Field-Grown Wheat. Nature Climate Change , 4, 477-480. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2183
Li, J., Dang, Q. and Man, R. (2015) Photoperiod and Nitrogen Supply Limit the Scope of Northward Migration and Seed Transfer of Black Spruce in a Future Climate Associated with Doubled Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration. American Journal of Plant Sciences , 6, 189-200. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.61022
Hao, X., Li, P., Han, X., Norton, R.M., Lam, S.K., Zong, Y., et al. (2016) Effects of Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) on N, P and K Uptake of Soybean in Northern China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 218, 261-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.12.061
Delagrange, S., Messier, C., Lechowicz, M.J. and Dizengremel, P. (2004) Physiological, Morphological and Allocational Plasticity in Understory Deciduous Trees: Importance of Plant Size and Light Availability. Tree Physiology , 24, 775-784. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.7.775
Erdmann, G.G. (1990) Betula Alleghaniensis Britton Yellow Birch. In: Burns, R.M. and Honkala, B.H., Eds., Technical Coordinators , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 133-147.
Shaw, S.P. (1969) Management of Birch for Wildlife Habitat. The Birch Symposium : Proceedings , Durham, 19-21 August 1969, 181-183.
Lavoie, J. and Stevanovic, T. (2005) Variation of Chemical Composition of the Lipophilic Extracts from Yellow Birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ) Foliage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 53, 4747-4756. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050301y
Walters, R.S. and Auchmoody, L.R. (1989) Vegetation Re-Establishment on a Hardwood Forest Site Denuded by Brine. Landscape and Urban Planning , 17, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(89)90021-2
Song, H.T. and Cheng, S. (2010) Various Growth Strategies of Yellow Birch Seedlings in Multiple-Abiotic Factor Changing Environments. Plant , Soil and Environment , 56, 235-243. https://doi.org/10.17221/213/2009-pse
Pike, C.C. and Kern, C.C. (2022) Yellow Birch: Guidance for Seed Transfer within the Northeastern United States. Tree Planters ’ Notes , 65, 69-75.
Cox, R.M. and Zhu, X.B. (2003) Effects of Simulated Thaw on Xylem Cavitation, Residual Embolism, Spring Dieback and Shoot Growth in Yellow Birch. Tree Physiology , 23, 615-624. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/23.9.615
Catovsky, S. and Bazzaz, F.A. (1999) Elevated CO 2 Influences the Responses of Two Birch Species to Soil Moisture: Implications for Forest Community Structure. Global Change Biology , 5, 507-518. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00247.x
Pettersson, R., McDonald, A.J.S. and Stadenberg, I. (1993) Response of Small Birch Plants ( Betula pendula Roth.) to Elevated CO 2 and Nitrogen Supply. Plant , Cell & Environment , 16, 1115-1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb02069.x
Cao, B., Dang, Q., Yü, X. and Zhang, S. (2008) Effects of [CO 2 ] and Nitrogen on Morphological and Biomass Traits of White Birch ( Betula papyrifera ) Seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management , 254, 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.08.002
Esmeijer-Liu, A.J., Aerts, R., Kürschner, W.M., Bobbink, R., Lotter, A.F. and Verhoeven, J.T.A. (2008) Nitrogen Enrichment Lowers Betula Pendula Green and Yellow Leaf Stoichiometry Irrespective of Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide. Plant and Soil , 316, 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9783-1
Zhang, S. and Dang, Q. (2013) CO 2 Elevation Improves Photosynthetic Performance in Progressive Warming Environment in White Birch Seedlings. F 1000 Research , 2, Article 13. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-13.v1
Zhu, X.B., Cox, R.M., Meng, F. and Arp, P.A. (2001) Responses of Xylem Cavitation, Freezing Injury and Shoot Dieback to a Simulated Winter Thaw in Yellow Birch Seedlings Growing in Different Nursery Culture Regimes. Forest Ecology and Management , 145, 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00440-0
Gastaldello, P., Ruel, J. and Paré, D. (2007) Micro-variations in Yellow Birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ) Growth Conditions after Patch Scarification. Forest Ecology and Management , 238, 244-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.10.023
Farquhar, G.D. and von Caemmerer, S. (1982) Modelling of Photosynthetic Response to Environmental Conditions. In: Lange, O.L., Nobel, P.S., Osmond, C.B. and Ziegler, H., Eds., Physiological Plant Ecology II , Springer, 549-587. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68150-9_17
Duursma, R.A. (2015) Plantecophys—An R Package for Analysing and Modelling Leaf Gas Exchange Data. PLOS ONE , 10, e0143346. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143346
Radoglou, K.M., Aphalo, P. and Jarvis, P.G. (1992) Response of Photosynthesis, Stomatal Conductance and Water Use Efficiency to Elevated CO 2 and Nutrient Supply in Acclimated Seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Annals of Botany , 70, 257-264. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088467
Zerihun, A. (2000) Compensatory Roles of Nitrogen Uptake and Photosynthetic N-Use Efficiency in Determining Plant Growth Response to Elevated CO 2 : Evaluation Using a Functional Balance Model. Annals of Botany , 86, 723-730. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1234
Mohamed, S.J., Jellings, A.J. and Fuller, M.P. (2013) Positive Effects of Elevated CO 2 and Its Interaction with Nitrogen on Safflower Physiology and Growth. Agronomy for Sustainable Development , 33, 497-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0137-x
van der Kooi, C.J., Reich, M., Löw, M., De Kok, L.J. and Tausz, M. (2016) Growth and Yield Stimulation under Elevated CO 2 and Drought: A Meta-Analysis on Crops. Environmental and Experimental Botany , 122, 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2015.10.004
Lamichaney, A., Tewari, K., Basu, P.S., Katiyar, P.K. and Singh, N.P. (2021) Effect of Elevated Carbon-Dioxide on Plant Growth, Physiology, Yield and Seed Quality of Chickpea (C icer arietinum L.) in Indo-Gangetic Plains. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants , 27, 251-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-021-00928-0
Duff, G.A., Berryman, C.A. and Eamus, D. (1994) Growth, Biomass Allocation and Foliar Nutrient Contents of Two Eucalyptus Species of the Wet-Dry Tropics of Australia Grown under CO 2 Enrichment. Functional Ecology , 8, 502-508. https://doi.org/10.2307/2390075
Liberloo, M., Dillen, S.Y., Calfapietra, C., Marinari, S., Luo, Z.B., De Angelis, P., et al. (2005) Elevated CO 2 Concentration, Fertilization and Their Interaction: Growth Stimulation in a Short-Rotation Poplar Coppice (Euroface). Tree Physiology , 25, 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.2.179
Ying, C.C. and Yanchuk, A.D. (2006) The Development of British Columbia’s Tree Seed Transfer Guidelines: Purpose, Concept, Methodology, and Implementation. Forest Ecology and Management , 227, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.028
Wang, X., Singh, D., Marla, S., Morris, G. and Poland, J. (2018) Field-Based High-Throughput Phenotyping of Plant Height in Sorghum Using Different Sensing Technologies. Plant Methods , 14, Article No. 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-018-0324-5
Ashton, M.S. and Kelty, M.J. (2018) The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology. 10th Edition. John Wiley and Sons.
Cornelissen, J.H.C., Diez, P.C. and Hunt, R. (1996) Seedling Growth, Allocation and Leaf Attributes in a Wide Range of Woody Plant Species and Types. The Journal of Ecology , 84, 755-765. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261337
Atkin, O.K., Schortemeyer, M., McFarlane, N. and Evans, J.R. (1998) Variation in the Components of Relative Growth Rate in 10 Acacia Species from Contrasting Environments. Plant , Cell & Environment , 21, 1007-1017. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00356.x
Lambers, H. and Poorter, H. (2004) Inherent Variation in Growth Rate between Higher Plants: A Search for Physiological Causes and Ecological Consequences. Advances in Ecological Research , 34, 283-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(03)34004-8
Shipley, B. (2006) Net Assimilation Rate, Specific Leaf Area and Leaf Mass Ratio: Which Is Most Closely Correlated with Relative Growth Rate? A Meta-Analysis. Functional Ecology , 20, 565-574. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01135.x
Chen, Y., Wei, Z., Wan, H., Zhang, J., Liu, J. and Liu, F. (2022) CO 2 Elevation and Nitrogen Supply Alter the Growth and Physiological Responses of Tomato and Barley Plants to Drought Stress. Agronomy , 12, Article 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081821
Roumet, C., Laurent, G. and Roy, J. (1999) Leaf Structure and Chemical Composition as Affected by Elevated CO 2 : Genotypic Responses of Two Perennial Grasses. New Phytologist , 143, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00437.x
Zhang, S., Dang, Q. and Yü, X. (2006) Nutrient and [CO 2 ] Elevation Had Synergistic Effects on Biomass Production but Not on Biomass Allocation of White Birch Seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management , 234, 238-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.07.017
Dijkstra, P., Hymus, G., Colavito, D., Vieglais, D.A., Cundari, C.M., Johnson, D.P., et al. (2002) Elevated Atmospheric Co 2 Stimulates Aboveground Biomass in a Fire-Regenerated Scrub-Oak Ecosystem. Global Change Biology , 8, 90-103. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00458.x
Arsić, J., Stojanović, M., Petrovičová, L., Noyer, E., Milanović, S., Světlík, J., et al. (2021) Increased Wood Biomass Growth Is Associated with Lower Wood Density in Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Saplings Growing under Elevated CO 2 . PLOS ONE , 16, e0259054. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259054
Reich, P.B., Hobbie, S.E. and Lee, T.D. (2014) Plant Growth Enhancement by Elevated CO 2 Eliminated by Joint Water and Nitrogen Limitation. Nature Geoscience , 7, 920-924. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2284
Nguyen, N.T., Nakabayashi, K., Mohapatra, P.K., Thompson, J. and Fujita, K. (2003) Effect of Nitrogen Deficiency on Biomass Production, Photosynthesis, Carbon Partitioning, and Nitrogen Nutrition Status of Melaleuca and Eucalyptus Species. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition , 49, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2003.10409985
Boussadia, O., Steppe, K., Zgallai, H., Ben El Hadj, S., Braham, M., Lemeur, R., et al. (2010) Effects of Nitrogen Deficiency on Leaf Photosynthesis, Carbohydrate Status and Biomass Production in Two Olive Cultivars ‘Meski’ and ‘Koroneiki’. Scientia Horticulturae , 123, 336-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.09.023
Chen, Z., Tao, X., Khan, A., Tan, D.K.Y. and Luo, H. (2018) Biomass Accumulation, Photosynthetic Traits and Root Development of Cotton as Affected by Irrigation and Nitrogen-Fertilization. Frontiers in Plant Science , 9, Article 173. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00173
Yazaki, K., Funada, R., Mori, S., Maruyama, Y., Abaimov, A.P., Kayama, M., et al. (2001) Growth and Annual Ring Structure of Larix Sibirica Grown at Different Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Nutrient Supply Rates. Tree Physiology , 21, 1223-1229. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.16.1223
De Graaff, M., Van Groenigen, K., Six, J., Hungate, B. and Van Kessel, C. (2006) Interactions between Plant Growth and Soil Nutrient Cycling under Elevated CO 2 : A Meta-Analysis: Plant Growth and Nutrient Cycling under Elevated CO 2 . Global Change Biology , 12, 2077-2091. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01240.x
Benlloch-Gonzalez, M., Bochicchio, R., Berger, J., Bramley, H. and Palta, J.A. (2014) High Temperature Reduces the Positive Effect of Elevated CO 2 on Wheat Root System Growth. Field Crops Research , 165, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.04.008
Butterly, C.R., Armstrong, R., Chen, D. and Tang, C. (2015) Carbon and Nitrogen Partitioning of Wheat and Field Pea Grown with Two Nitrogen Levels under Elevated CO 2 . Plant and Soil , 391, 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2441-5
Morita, R., Inoue, K., Ikeda, K., Hatanaka, T., Misoo, S. and Fukayama, H. (2016) Starch Content in Leaf Sheath Controlled by CO 2 -Responsive CCT Protein Is a Potential Determinant of Photosynthetic Capacity in Rice. Plant and Cell Physiology , 57, 2334-2341. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcw142
Gebauer, R.L.E., Reynolds, J.F. and Strain, B.R. (1996) Allometric Relations and Growth in Pinus taeda : The Effect of Elevated CO 2 , and Changing N Availability. New Phytologist , 134, 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01148.x
Tingey, D.T., Johnson, M.G., Phillips, D.L., Johnson, D.W. and Ball, J.T. (1996) Effects of Elevated CO 2 and Nitrogen on the Synchrony of Shoot and Root Growth in Ponderosa Pine. Tree Physiology , 16, 905-914. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.11-12.905
Tissue, D.T., Thomas, R.B. and Strain, B.R. (1997) Atmospheric Co 2 Enrichment Increases Growth and Photosynthesis of Pinus taeda : A 4 Year Experiment in the Field. Plant , Cell & Environment , 20, 1123-1134. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-140.x
Curtis, P.S. and Wang, X. (1998) A Meta-Analysis of Elevated CO 2 Effects on Woody Plant Mass, Form, and Physiology. Oecologia , 113, 299-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050381
McGuire, A.D., Melillo, J.M. and Joyce, L.A. (1995) The Role of Nitrogen in the Response of Forest Net Primary Production to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 26, 473-503. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.002353
Piñero, M.C., Pérez-Jiménez, M., López-Marín, J. and del Amor, F.M. (2016) Changes in the Salinity Tolerance of Sweet Pepper Plants as Affected by Nitrogen Form and High CO 2 Concentration. Journal of Plant Physiology , 200, 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.020
Wang, L., Wang, N. and Ji, G. (2022) Responses of Biomass Allocation and Photosynthesis in Mulberry to Pb-Contaminated Soil. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum , 44, Article No. 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-022-03370-1
Tobita, H., Komatsu, M., Harayama, H., Yazaki, K., Kitaoka, S. and Kitao, M. (2019) Effects of Combined CO 2 and O 3 Exposures on Net CO 2 Assimilation and Biomass Allocation in Seedlings of the Late-Successional Fagus Crenata. Climate , 7, Article 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7100117
Long, S.P., Ainsworth, E.A., Rogers, A. and Ort, D.R. (2004) Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Plants FACE the Future. Annual Review of Plant Biology , 55, 591-628. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141610
Stitt, M. and Krapp, A. (1999) The Interaction between Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Nutrition: The Physiological and Molecular Background. Plant , Cell & Environment , 22, 583-621. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00386.x
Inoue, S., Dang, Q., Man, R. and Tedla, B. (2019) Northward Migration of Trembling Aspen Will Increase Growth but Reduce Resistance to Drought-Induced Xylem Cavitation. Botany , 97, 627-638. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0099
Dang, Q., Li, J. and Man, R. (2021) N/P/K Ratios and CO 2 Concentration Change Nitrogen-Photosynthesis Relationships in Black Spruce. American Journal of Plant Sciences , 12, 1090-1105. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2021.127076
Ainsworth, E.A. and Rogers, A. (2007) The Response of Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance to Rising [CO 2 ]: Mechanisms and Environmental Interactions: Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance Responses to Rising [CO 2 ]. Plant , Cell & Environment , 30, 258-270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01641.x
Teng, N., Jin, B., Wang, Q., Hao, H., Ceulemans, R., Kuang, T., et al. (2009) No Detectable Maternal Effects of Elevated CO 2 on Arabidopsis Thaliana over 15 Generations. PLOS ONE , 4, e6035. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006035
Katul, G., Manzoni, S., Palmroth, S. and Oren, R. (2009) A Stomatal Optimization Theory to Describe the Effects of Atmospheric CO 2 on Leaf Photosynthesis and Transpiration. Annals of Botany , 105, 431-442. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp292
Gao, J., Han, X., Seneweera, S., Li, P., Zong, Y., Dong, Q., et al. (2015) Leaf Photosynthesis and Yield Components of Mung Bean under Fully Open-Air Elevated [CO 2 ]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture , 14, 977-983. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(14)60941-2
Leakey, A.D.B., Ainsworth, E.A., Bernacchi, C.J., Rogers, A., Long, S.P. and Ort, D.R. (2009) Elevated CO 2 Effects on Plant Carbon, Nitrogen, and Water Relations: Six Important Lessons from Face. Journal of Experimental Botany , 60, 2859-2876. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp096
Sreeharsha, R.V., Sekhar, K.M. and Reddy, A.R. (2015) Delayed Flowering Is Associated with Lack of Photosynthetic Acclimation in Pigeon Pea ( Cajanus cajan L.) Grown under Elevated CO 2 . Plant Science , 231, 82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.11.012
Ellsworth, D.S., Thomas, R., Crous, K.Y., Palmroth, S., Ward, E., Maier, C., et al. (2011) Elevated CO 2 Affects Photosynthetic Responses in Canopy Pine and Subcanopy Deciduous Trees over 10 Years: A Synthesis from duke face. Global Change Biology , 18, 223-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02505.x
Haworth, M., Elliott-Kingston, C. and McElwain, J.C. (2012) Co-Ordination of Physiological and Morphological Responses of Stomata to Elevated [CO 2 ] in Vascular Plants. Oecologia , 171, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2406-9
Bernacchi, C.J. and VanLoocke, A. (2015) Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing Environment: A Dominant Role for Water. Annual Review of Plant Biology , 66, 599-622. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114834
DaMatta, F.M., Godoy, A.G., Menezes-Silva, P.E., Martins, S.C.V., Sanglard, L.M.V.P., Morais, L.E., et al. (2015) Sustained Enhancement of Photosynthesis in Coffee Trees Grown under Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment Conditions: Disentangling the Contributions of Stomatal, Mesophyll, and Biochemical Limitations. Journal of Experimental Botany , 67, 341-352. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv463
Uddling, J., Teclaw, R.M., Pregitzer, K.S. and Ellsworth, D.S. (2009) Leaf and Canopy Conductance in Aspen and Aspen-Birch Forests under Free-Air Enrichment of Carbon Dioxide and Ozone. Tree Physiology , 29, 1367-1380. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpp070
Zinta, G., AbdElgawad, H., Domagalska, M.A., Vergauwen, L., Knapen, D., Nijs, I., et al. (2014) Physiological, Biochemical, and Genome‐wide Transcriptional Analysis Reveals That Elevated CO 2 Mitigates the Impact of Combined Heat Wave and Drought Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana at Multiple Organizational Levels. Global Change Biology , 20, 3670-3685. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12626
Xu, Z., Jiang, Y., Jia, B. and Zhou, G. (2016) Elevated-CO 2 Response of Stomata and Its Dependence on Environmental Factors. Frontiers in Plant Science , 7, Article 657. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00657
Shi, L., Zhang, H., Liu, T., Mao, P., Zhang, W., Shao, Y., et al. (2018) An Increase in Precipitation Exacerbates Negative Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Soil Cations and Soil Microbial Communities in a Temperate Forest. Environmental Pollution , 235, 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.083
Verma, P. and Sagar, R. (2020) Effect of Nitrogen (N) Deposition on Soil-N Processes: A Holistic Approach. Scientific Reports , 10, Article No. 10470. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67368-w
Yan, G., Dong, X., Huang, B., Wang, H., Hong, Z., Zhang, J., et al. (2020) Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Release Mediated by Litter Types and Seasonal Change in a Temperate Forest. Canadian Journal of Soil Science , 100, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2019-0037
Boccuzzi, G., Nakazato, R.K., Pereira, M.A.G., Rinaldi, M.C.S., Lopes, M.I.M.S. and Domingos, M. (2021) Anthropogenic Deposition Increases Nitrogen-Phosphorus Imbalances in Tree Vegetation, Litter and Soil of Atlantic Forest Remnants. Plant and Soil , 461, 341-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04847-7