Many metabolites in leaf tissue disturbed plant genomic DNA isolation and always varied when leaves was harvested from different environments. Objective of this study was to investigate whether season, environment stress and refrigerated storage affect genomic DNA isolation of tung tree leaves. Five types of young leaves and two DNA isolation protocols, the recycling CTAB protocol I and II, were adopted to carry out the experiment. Our results showed that both leaf type and protocol affected DNA isolation of tung tree. Using the recycling CTAB protocol II, though little DNA were obtained from three types of young leaves, the other two have satisfying results. Whereas the recycling CTAB protocol I could produce high yield genomic DNA from all the five types of young leaves. All the detectable DNA samples in agarose gel electrophoresis were good templates for PCR reaction. Season, environment stress and refrigerated storage had a big effect on genomic DNA isolation of tung tree. The recycling CTAB protocol I was proved to be an effective and universal protocol for DNA isolation of tung tree. Five types of young leaves could all act as the tissue for isolation of genomic DNA, but the summer healthy young leaves without long-time refrigerated storage are the best. The optimal leaf tissue will benefit DNA isolation of plant species.
D. V. Jobes, D. L. Hurley and L. B. Thien, “Plant DNA Isolation: A Method to Efficiently Remove Polyphenolics, Polysaccarides, and RNA,” Taxon, Vol. 44, 1995, pp. 379-386.
R. N. Pandey, R. P. Adams and L. E. Flournoy, “Inhibitions of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) by Plant Polysaccarides,” Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1996, pp. 17-22. doi:10.1007/BF02671898
S. Porebski , L. G. Bailey and B. R. Baum, “Modification of a CTAB DNA Extraction Protocol for Plants Containing High Polysaccharide and Polyphenol Components,” Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1997, pp. 8-15. doi:10.1007/BF02772108
L. D. Shepherd and T. G. Mclay, “Two Micro-Scale Protocols for the Isolation of DNA from Polysaccharide-Rich Plant Tissue,” Journal of Plant Research, Vol. 124, No. 2, 2011, pp. 311-314. doi:10.1007/s10265-010-0379-5
D. M. Yin, H. Y. Liu, X. G. Zhang and D. Q. Cui, “A Protocol for Extraction of High-Quality RNA and DNA from Peanut Plant Tissues,” Molecular Biotechnology, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2011, pp. 187-191. doi:10.1007/s12033-011-9391-9
P. Sharma and S. D. Purohit, “An Improved Method of DNA Isolation from Polysaccharide Rich Leaves of Bos-wellia serrata Roxb,” Indian Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2012, pp. 67-71.
J. Marmur, “A Procedure for the Isolation of Deoxyribo-nucleic Acid from Micro-Organism,” Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 3, No, 2, 1961, pp. 208-218.
M. G. Murray and W. F. Thompson, “Rapid Isolation of High Molecular Weight Plant DNA,” Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 8, No. 19, 1980, pp. 4321-4325. doi:10.1093/nar/8.19.4321
J. J. Doyle and J. L. Doyle, “Isolation of Plant DNA from Fresh Tissue,” Focus, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1990, pp. 13-15.
D. Goldenberger, I. Perschil, M. Ritzler and M. Altwegg, “A Simple Universal DNA Extraction Procedure Using SDS and Proteinase K Is Compatible with Directly PCR Amplification,” Genome Research, Vol. 4, 1995, pp. 368-370.
S. M. Aljanabi and I. Martinez, “Universal and Rapid Salt-Extraction of High Quality Genomic DNA for PCR- Based Techniques,” Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 25, No. 22, 1997, pp. 4692-4693. doi:10.1093/nar/25.22.4692
N. Stein, G. Herren and B. Keller, “A New DNA Extraction Method for High-Throughput Marker Analysis in a Large-Gemone such as Triticum aestivum,” Plant Breeding, Vol. 120, No. 4, 2001, pp. 354-356. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00615.x
K. L. Hill-Ambroz, G. L. Brown-Guedira and J. P. Fellers, “Modified Rapid DNA Extraction Protocol for High throught Microsatellite Analysis in Wheat,” Crop Science, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2002, pp. 2088-2091. doi:10. 2135/cropsci2002.2088
R. J. Mogg and J. M. Bond, “A Cheap, Reliable and Rapid Method of Extracting High-Quality DNA from Plants,” Molecular Ecology Notes, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2003, pp. 666-668. doi:10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00548.x
G. C. Allen, M. A. Flores-Vergara, S. Krasynanski, S. Kumar and W. F. Thompson, “A Modified Protocol for Rapid DNA Isolation from Plant Tissues Using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide,” Nature Protocol, Vol. 1, No. 5, 2006, pp. 2320-2325.
J. Amani, R. Kazemi, A. R. Abbasi and A. H. Salmanian, “A Simple and Rapid Leaf Genomic DNA Extraction Method for Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis,” Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2011, pp. 69-71.
H. A. Souza, L. A. Muller, R. L. Brandao and M. B. Lovato, “Isolation of High Quality and Polysaccharide- Free DNA from Leaves of Dimorphandra mollis (Leguminosae), a Tree from the Brazilian Cerrado,” Genetic Molecular Research, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2012, pp. 756-764.
F. Lefort and G. C. Douglas, “An Efficient Micro-Method of DNA Isolation from Mature Leaves of Four Hardwood Tree Species Acer, Fraxinus, Prunus and Quercu,” Annual Forest Science, Vol. 56, No. 3, 1999, pp. 259-263. doi:10.1051/forest: 19990308
P. A. Moreira and D. A. Oliveira, “Leaf Age Affects the Quality of DNA Extracted from Dimorphandra mollis (Fabaceae), a Tropical Tree Species from the Cerrado Region of Brazil,” Genetic Molecular Research, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2011, pp. 353-358. doi:10.4238/vol10-1gmr1030
N. M. Van Dam, R. Verpoorte and E. Van der Meljden, “Extreme Difference in Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Levels between Leaves of cynoglossum officinale,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 37, No. 4, 1994, pp. 1013-1016. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89519-9
M. A. Azmat, I. A. Khan and H. M. N. Cheema, “Extraction of DNA Suitable for PCR Applications from Mature Leaves of Mangifera indica L.,” Journal of Zhejiang University Science B., Vol. 13, No. 4, 2012, pp. 239-243. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1199194
Z. Liu, S. B. Carpenter, W. J. Bourgeois, Y. Yu, R. J. Constantin, M. J. Falcon and J. C. Adams, “Variations in the Secondary Metabolite Camptothecin in Relation to Tissue Age and Season in Camptotheca acuminate,” Tree Physiology, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1998, pp. 265-270.
F. Vallejo, F. A. Tomas-Barberan and C. Garcia-Viguera, “Effect of Climatic and Sulphur Fertilization Conditions, on Phenolic Compounds and Vitamin C, in the Inflorescences of Eight Broccoli Cultivars,” European Food Re- search and Technology, Vol. 216, No. 5, 2003, pp. 395-401. doi:10.1007/s00217-003-0664-9
M. C. Shih, C. M Chang, S. M. Kang and M. L. Tsai, “Effect of Different Parts (Leaf, Stem and Stalk) and Season (Summer and Winter) on the Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 9, 2011, pp. 6077-6088. doi:10.3390/ijms12096077
Z. Yang, L. L. Geng, W. Wei and J. Zhang, “Combined Effects of Temperature, Light Intensity, and Nitrogen Concentration on the Growth and Polysaccharide Content of Microcystis aeruginosa in Batch Culture,” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Vol. 41, 2012, pp. 130-135. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2011.12.015
N. Benhamou, “Elicitor-Induced Plant Defence Pathways,” Trends Plant Science, Vol. 1, No. 7, 1996, pp. 233-240. doi:10.1016/1360-1385(96)86901-9
F. Bourgaud, A. Gravot, S. Milesi and E. Gontier, “Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Historial Perspective,” Plant Science, Vol. 161, No. 5, 2001, pp. 839-851. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00490-3
T. Siatka and M. Kasparova, “Seasonal Variation in Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and DPPH Scavenging Activity of Bellis perennis L. Flowers,” Molecular, Vol. 15, No. 12, 2010, pp. 9450-9461.
A. S. Rodrigues, M. R. Perez-Gregorio, M. S. Garcia-Falcon, J. Simal-Gandara and D. P. F. Almeida, “Effect of Meteorological Conditions on Antioxidant Flavonoids in Portuguese Cultivars of White and Red Onions,” Food Chemistry, Vol. 124, No. 1, 2011, pp. 303-308. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.037
J. Y. Park, D. K. Kim, Z. M. Wang, P. Lu, S. C. Park and J. S. Lee, “Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Tung Oil,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 148, No. 6, 2008, pp. 109-117. doi:10.1007/s12010-007-8082-2
Q. Shang, W. Jiang, H. F. Lu and B. Liang, “Properties of Tung Oil Biodiesel and Its Blends with 0# Diesel,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, No. 2, 2010, pp. 826-828. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.047
Y. H. Chen, J. H. Chen and Y. M. Luo, “Complementary Biodiesel Combination from Tung and Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Oils,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 44, 2012, pp. 305-310. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.098
J. M. Dyer, D. C. Chapital, J. C. Kuan, R. T. Mullen, C. Turner, T. A. McKeon and A.B. Pepperman, “Molecular Analysis of a Bifunctional Fatty Acid Conjugase/Desaturase from Tung: Implications for the Evolution of Plant Fatty Acid Diversity,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 130, No. 4, 2002, pp. 2027-2038. doi:10.1104/pp.102.010835
Y. Chen and T. M. Poland, “Interactive Influence of Leaf Age, Light Intensity, and Girdling on Green Ash Foliar Chemistry and Emerald Ash Border Development,” Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 35, 2009, pp. 806-815.
L. Drabkova, J. Kirschner and C.Vlcek, “Comparison of Seven DNA Extraction and Amplification Protocols in Historical Herbarium Specimens of Juncaceae,” Plant Molecular Reporter, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2002, pp. 161-175. doi:10.1007/BF02799431.