Pigeonpea [ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is an important food legume of the semi-arid tropics (SAT) sustaining live lihood of millions of people. Stagnant and unstable yield per hectare all over the world is the characteristic feature of this crop. This is primarily ascribed to its susceptibility/sensitivity to a number of biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, insects such as pod borer ( Helicoverpa armigera ), pod fly ( Melanoagromyza obtusa ) and spotted borer ( Maruca vitrata ) substantially damage the crop and result in significant economic losses. Management of these insects by genetic means has always been considered environment friendly approach. However, genetic improvement has al ways been impeded by limited genetic variability in the primary gene pool of pigeonpea. Wild species present in the secondary and tertiary gene pools have been reported to carry resistance for such insects. However, transfer of resis tance through conventional backcrossing has not been much successful. It calls for gene introgression through marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) or advanced backcross breeding (AB breeding). In this review, we have attempted to assess the progress made through conventional and molecular breeding and suggested the ways to move further towards genetic enhancement for insects resistance in pigeonpea
A. K. Choudhary and N. Nadarajan, “Breeding Improved Cultivars of Pigeonpea in India,” Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur, 2011, pp. 1-30.
R. K. Varshney, W. Chen, Y. Li, A. K. Bharti, R. K. Saxena, J. A. Schlueter, et al., “Draft Genome Sequence of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an Orphan Legume Crop of Resource-Poor Farmers,” Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2012, pp. 83-89. doi:10.1038/nbt.2022
A. K. Choudhary, R. Sultana, A. Pratap, N. Nadarajan and U. C. Jha, “Breeding for Abiotic Stresses in Pigeonpea,” Journal of Food Legumes, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2011, pp. 165-174.
G. V. Ranga Rao and T. G. Shanower, “Identification and Management of Pigeonpea and Chickpea Insect Pests in Asia,” International Crops Research Institute for the SemiArid Tropics, Hyderabad, 1999.
ICRISAT, “The Medium Term Plan,” Vol. 1, 1992, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India.
M. K. Tripathi and H. N. Singh, “Mechanisms of Pyrethroids Resistance in the Larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Collected from Three Different Agroclimatic Zones of India,” Journal of Entomological Research, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2000, pp. 9-18.
Vishwadhar, S. K. Singh, T. P. Trivedi, D. K. Das, A. Dhandapani, R. G. Chaudhary and M. Kumar, “Forecasting of Helicoverpa armigera Infestation on LongDuration Pigeonpea in Central Uttar Pradesh,” Journal of Food Legumes, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2008, pp. 189-192.
M. Deepa and C. P. Srivastava, “Genetic Diversity in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) from Different Agroclimatic Zones of India Using RAPD Markers,” Journal of Food Legumes, Vol. 24, No. 4, 2011, pp. 313-316.
T. G. Shanower, S. S. Lal and R. Bhagwat, “Biology and Management of Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) (Diptera: Agromyzidae),” Crop Protection, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1998, pp. 249-263. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00117-8
O. S. Srivastava, “Estimation of Loss in T 21 Variety of Arhar (Cajanus cajan L.) due to ‘Tur’ Pod Xy (Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch),” Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1972, pp. 82-83.
T. G. Shanower, J. Romeis and E. M. Minja, “Insect Pests of Pigeon Pea and Their Management,” Annual Review Entomology, Vol. 44, 1999, pp. 77-96. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.77
K. B. Saxena, G. D. S. N. Chandrasena, K. Hettiarachchi, Y. B. Iqbal, H. H. D. Fonseka and S. J. B. A. Jayasekera, “Evaluation of Pigeonpea Accessions and Selected Lines for Reaction to Maruca,” Crop Science, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2002, pp. 615-618. doi:10.2135/cropsci2002.0615
A. K. Choudhary, P. Duraimurugan and J. Kumar, “Heavy Infestation of Scale Insect in Late Pigeonpea,” Pulses Newsletter (IIPR), Vol. 22, No. 2, 2011, p. 4.
S. S. Lateef and W. Reed, “Insect Pests on Pigeonpea,” In: S. R. Singh, Ed., Insect Pests of Tropical Food Legumes, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1990, pp. 193-242.
S. S. Lateef, “Scope and Limitations of Host Plant Resistance in Pulses for the Control of Helicoverpa armigera,” In: J. N. Schan, Ed., Helicoverpa Management: Current Status and Future Strategies, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, 1992, pp. 31-37.
D. J. Bhosale and R. N. Nawale, “Field Screening of Pigeonpea Germplasm against Pod Fly Melangromyza obtusa (Malloch),” Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol. 47 (Part 1), 1985, pp. 92-97.
S. S. Lal, C. P. Yadav and J. N. Sachan, “Studies on Some Aspects of Oviposition and Damage of Pod Fly in Relation to the Host Phenology,” Indian Journal of Pulses Research, Vol. 1, 1988, pp. 83-88.
S. S. Lal, C. P. Yadav and S. Chandra, “Suppression of Pod Fly Damage through Varietal Selection,” International Pigeonpea Newsletter, Vol. 5, 1986, pp. 42-43.
S. C. Gupta, S. S. Lateef and R. P. Ariyanayagam, “Are Determinates Inferior to Indeterminates in Short-Duration Pigeonpea?” International Pigeonpea Newsletter, Vol. 13, 1991, pp. 11-13.
S. S. Lateef and M. P. Pimbert, “The Search for Post Plant Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera in Chickpea and Pigeonpea at ICRISAT,” Summary Proceedings of the First Consultative Group Meeting on Host Selection Behavior of Heliothis armigera, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, 1990, pp. 25-28.
C. Durairaj and N. Ganapathy, “Evaluation of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) Entries of Late-Maturity Group for Tolerance to Pod Borers (Helicoverpa armigera, Maruca testulalis) and Pod Fly (Melanagromyza obtusa),” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 67, No. 8, 1997, pp. 317-318.
C. P. Srivastava, R. Raina and R. M. Singh, “Screening of Promising Pigeonpea Lines against Pod Fly and PodSucking Bugs at the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India,” International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter, Vol. 1, 1994, pp. 41-42.
S. S. Lal and Y. S. Rathore, “Host Plant Resistance to Pod Fly (Melanagromyza obtusa) in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan),” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 71, No. 8, 2001, pp. 531-534.
H. K. Singh and H. N. Singh, “Screening of Certain Pigeonpea Cultivars Sown at Kharif and Rabi Crops against Tur Pod Bug, Clavigralla gibbosa and Pod Xy, Melanagromyza obtusa,” Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol. 52, No. 2, 1990, pp. 320-327.
R. K. Moudgal, R. K. Lakra, B. Dahiya and M. K. Dhillon, “Physico-Chemical Traits of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Pod Wall a Vecting Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) Damage,” Euphytica, Vol. 161, No. 3, 2008, pp. 429436. doi:10.1007/s10681-007-9601-5
J. Romeis, T. G. Shanower and A. J. Peter, “Trichomes on Pigeonpea [Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.] and Two Wild Cajanus Spp,” Crop Science, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1999, pp. 564-569. doi:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900020043x
H. C. Sharma, P. W. C. Green, P. C. Stevenson and M. S. J. Simmonds, “What Makes It Tasty for the Pest? Identification of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Feeding Stimulants and Location of Their Production on the PodSurface of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.],” Competitive Research Facility Project R7029 C, Final Technical Report, Department for International Development, London, 2001.
R. P. S. Pundir and R. B. Singh, “Possibility of Genetic Improvement in Pigeonpea Utilising the Wild Genetic Resourses,” Euphytica, Vol. 36, No. 1, 1987, pp. 33-37. doi:10.1007/BF00730644
T. G. Shanower, M. Yoshida and A. J. Peter, “Survival, Growth, Fecundity and Behavior of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Pigeonpea and Two Wild Cajanus Species,” Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 90, No. 3, 1997, pp. 837-841.
N. Mallikarjuna, S. Senapathy, D. R. Jadhav, K. B. Saxena, H. C. Sharma and H. D. Upadhyaya, “Progress in the Utilization of Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) Maesen in Pigeonpea Improvement,” Plant Breeding, Vol. 130, No. 5, 2011, pp. 507-514. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2011.01870.x
H. C. Sharma, E. G. Sujana and E. D. Manohar Rao, “Morphological and Chemical Components of Resistance to Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera in Wild Relatives of Pigeonpea,” Arthropod-Plant Interactions, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2009, pp. 151-161. doi:10.1007/s11829-009-9068-5
H. C. Sharma, G. Pampathy and L. J. Reddy, “Wild Relatives of Pigeonpea as a Source of Resistance to the Pod Fly and Pod Wasp,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vol. 50, No. 8, 2003, pp. 817-824. doi:10.1023/A:1025967528757
C. E. Jeffree, “The Cuticle, Epicuticular Waxes and Trichomes of Plants, with Reference to Their Structure, Functions and Evolution,” In: B. E. Juniper and T. R. E. Southwood, Eds., Insects and the Plant Surface, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London, 1986, pp. 23-64.
A. J. Peter, T. G. Shanower and J. Romeis, “The Role of Plant Trichomes in Insect Resistance: A Selective Review,” Phytophaga, Vol. 7, 1995, pp. 41-64.
P. L. Valverde, J. Fornoni and J. Nunez-Farfan, “Defensive Role of Leaf Trichomes in Resistance to Herbivorous Insects in Datura stramonium,” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2001, pp. 424-432. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00295.x
R. Aruna, M. Rao, L. J. Reddy, H. D. Upadhyaya and H. C. Sharma, “Inheritance of Trichomes and Resistance to Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and Their Association in Interspecific Crosses between Cultivated Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and Its Wild Relative C. scarabaeoides,” Euphytica, Vol. 145, No. 3, 2005, pp. 247-257. doi:10.1007/s10681-005-1643-y
E. A. Bernays, R. F. Chapman and M. S. Singer, “Sensitivity to Chemically Diverse Phagostimulants in a Single Gustatory Neuron of a Polyphagous Caterpillar,” Journal of Comparative Physiology, Vol. 186, No. 1, 2000, pp. 13-19. doi:10.1007/s003590050002
C. C. Chu, E. T. Natwick and T. J. Hanneberry, “Susceptibility of Normal-Leaf and Okra-Leaf Shape Cottons to Silver Leaf Whiteflies and Relationships to Trichome Densities,” In: D. J. Herber and D. A. Richter, Eds., Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conference, San Antonio, National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, 2000, pp. 1157-1158.
E. Hartlieb and H. Rembold, “Behavioral Response of Female Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera (Hub.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Moths to Synthetic Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) Kairomone,” Journal Chemical Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1996, pp. 821-837. doi:10.1007/BF02033589
P. W. C. Green, P. C. Stevenson, M. S. J. Simmonds and H. C. Sharma, “Phenolic Compounds on the Pod Surface of Pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan, Mediate Feeding Behavior of Larvae of Helicoverpa armigera,” Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 29, No. 4, 2003, pp. 811-821. doi:10.1023/A:1022971430463
S. S. Bisen and A. R. Sheldrahe, “The Anatomy of the Pigeonpea,” Research Bulletin No. 5, 1981, International Crop Research Institute for the Semi—Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru.
L. Ascensao, N. Marques and M. S. Pais, “Glandular TriChomes on Vegetative and Reproductive Organs of Leonotis leonurus (La-Maiacez),” Annals of Botany, Vol. 75, No. 6, 1995, pp. 619-626. doi:10.1006/anbo.1995.1067
O. Singh, U. P. Singh, M. N. Singh and M. C. Jain, “Effects of Pod Wall Thickness on Pod Fly Susceptibility in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.],” Journal of Applied Biology, Vol. 12, No. 1-2, 2002, pp. 7-8.
C. M. Smith, “Plant Resistance to Insects: A Fundamental Approach,” Wiley, New York, 1989.
H. C. Sharma, “Applications of Biotechnology in Pest Management and Ecological Sustainability,” CRC Press Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, 2009, p. 526.
V. Pandey, C. P. Srivastava, N. Triyugi and P. Raha, “Chemical Traits of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) Pod Wall Affecting Pod Fly (Melanagromyza obtuse) Damage,” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 81, No. 11, 2011, pp. 1059-1062.
P. W. C. Green, P. C. Stevenson, M. S. J. Simmonds and H. C. Sharma, “Can Larvae of the Pod-Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Select between Wild and Cultivated Pigeonpea [Cajanus spp. (Fabaceae)],” Bulletine Entomology Research, Vol. 92, No. 4, 2002, pp. 45-51.
U. Singh, “Antinutritional Factors of Chickpea and Pigeonpea and Their Removal by Processing,” Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1988, pp. 251-261. doi:10.1007/BF01092864
C. A. MacFoy, Z. T. Dabrowski and S. Okech, “Studies on the Legume Pod Borer Maruca testulalis (Geyer)—VI. Cowpea Resistance to Oviposition and Larval Feeding,” Insect Science Application, Vol. 4, No. 1-2, 1983, pp. 147152.
N. Ganapathy, “Bio-Ecology and Management of Spotted Pod Borer (Maruca testulalis Geyer) in Pigeonpea,” Ph. D. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 1996, pp. 1-171.
G. R. Murkute, A. R. Dhage, B. B. Desai, A. A. Kale, U. N. Mote and R. P. Aher, “Biochemical Parameters Associated with Pod Borer Damage as Influenced by Maturity Group and Growth Stages of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)] Millsp,” Legume Research, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1993, pp. 151-156.
B. K. Sahoo and H. P. Patnaik, “Effect of Biochemicals on the Incidence of Pigeonpea Pod Borers,” Indian Journal of Plant Protection, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2003, pp. 105108.
J. S. Martin, M. M. Martin and E. A. Bernays, “Failure of Tannic Acid to Inhibit Digestion or Reduce Digestibility of Plant Protein in Gut Fluids of Insect Herbivores,” Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 13, No. 3, 1987, pp. 605-621. doi:10.1007/BF01880103
S. B. Das and S. C. Odak, “Biochemical Basis of Resistance in Pigeonpea Pod Walls to Pod Fly, Melanagromysa obtusa (Malloch),” Indian Journal of Entomology, Vol. 47, 1987, pp. 92-97.
V. Sunitha, G. V. Ranga Rao, K. Vijaya Lakshmi, K. B. Saxena, V. R. Rao and Y. V. R. Reddy, “Morphological and Biochemical Factors Associated with Resistance to Maruca Vitriata in Short Duration Pigeonpea,” International Journal of Tropical Sciences, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2008, pp. 45-52.
S. S. Lal and C. P. Yadava, “Ovipositional Response of Pod Fly (Melanagromyza obtusa) on Resistant Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) Selections,” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 64, No. 9, 1994, pp. 317-318.
S. B. Verulkar, D. P. Singh and A.K. Bhattacharya, “Inheritance of Resistance to Podfly and Podborer in the Interspecific Cross of Pigeonpea,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Vol. 95, No. 3, 1997, pp. 506-508. doi:10.1007/s001220050590
M. Kogan and E. E. Ortman, “Antixenosis: A New Term Proposed to Replace Painter’s Non-Preference Modality of Resistance,” Eastern Southern Africa Bulletine, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1978, pp. 175-176.
A. K. Choudhary and A. G. Vijayakumar, “Glossary of Plant Breeding, A Perspective,” LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, 2012.
I. P. Singh and S. S. Lal, “Inheritance of Rersistance to Podfly in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp),” Journal of Genetics and Breeding, Vol. 56, No. 1, 2002, pp. 8588.
I. P. Singh, P. K. Katiyar and S. K. Singh, “Inheritance of Genes Imparting Resistance to Pod Fly (Melanagromyza obtusa) in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan),” Indian Journal of Agriculture Sciences, Vol. 79, No. 8, 2009, pp. 628-631.
A. Beekham and P. Umaharan, “Inheritance and Combining Ability Studies of Pod Physical and Biochemical Quality Traits in Vegetable Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp),” Euphytica, Vol. 176, No. 1, 2010, pp. 37-47. doi:10.1007/s10681-010-0211-2
G. Sujana, H. C. Sharma and D. M. Rao, “Antixenosis and Antibiosis Components of Resistance to Pod Borer Helicoverpa armigera in Wild Relatives of Pigeonpea,” International Journal Tropical Insect Science, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2008, pp. 191-200.
N. Mallikarjuna, H. C. Sharma and H. D. Upadhyaya, “Exploitation of Wild Relatives of Pigeonpea and Chickpea for Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera,” SAT e Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2007, pp. 1-4.
N. Mallikarjuna and J. P. Moss, “Production of Hybrids between Cajanus platycarpus and C. cajan,” Euphytica, Vol. 83, No. 1, 1995, pp. 43-46. doi:10.1007/BF01677859
N. Mallikarjuna, D. Jadhav and P. Reddy, “Introgression of Cajanus platycarpus Genome into Cultivated Pigeonpea, C. cajan,” Euphytica, Vol. 149, No. 1-2, 2006, pp. 161167. doi:10.1007/s10681-005-9063-6
N. L. Raju, B. N. Gnanesh, P. Lekha, B. Jayashree, S. Pande and P. J. Hiremath, “The First Set of EST Resource for Gene Discovery and Marker Development in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.),” BMC Plant Biology, Vol. 10, 2010, p. 45. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-10-45
A. Bohra, A. Dubey, R. K. Saxena, R. V. Penmetsa, K. N. Poornima and N. Kumar, “Analysis of BAC-End Sequences (BESs) and Development of BES-SSR Markers for Genetic Mapping and Hybrid Purity Assessment in Pigeonpea (Cajanus spp.),” BMC Plant Biology, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2011, p. 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-11-56
A. Dubey, A. Farmer, J. Schlueter, S. B. Cannon, B. Abernathy and R. Tuteja, “Defining the Transcriptome Assembly and Its Use for Genome Dynamics and Transcriptome Profiling Studies in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.),” DNA Research, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2011, pp. 153-164. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsr007
A. Bohra, R. K. Saxena, B. N. Gnanesh, et al., “An Intra-Speci?c Consensus Genetic Map of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] derived from Sixmapping Populations,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Vol. 125, No. 6, 2012, pp. 1325-1338. doi:10.1007/s00122-012-1916-5
H. Kotresh, B. Fakrudin, S. Punnuri, B. Rajkumar, M. Thudi and H. Paramesh, “Identification of Two RAPD Markers Genetically Linked to a Recessive Allele of a Fusarium Wilt Resistance Gene in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.),” Euphytica, Vol. 149, No. 1-2, 2006, pp. 113-120. doi:10.1007/s10681-005-9059-2
K. N. Ganapathy, B. Gowda, S. C. Venkatesh, R. Ramachandra, B. N. Gnanesh and G. Girish, “Identification of AFLP Markers Linked to Sterility Mosaic Disease in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.],” International Journal of Integrative Biology, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2010, pp. 145149.
N. K. Singh, D. K. Gupta, P. K. Jayaswal, A. K. Mahato, S. Dutta, et al., “The First Draft of the Pigeon Pea Genome Sequence,” Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2012, pp. 98-112. doi:10.1007/s13562-011-0088-8
S. D. Tanksley and J. C. Nelson, “Advanced Backcross QTL Analysis: A Method for the Simultaneous Discovery and Transfer of Valuable QTLs from Unadapted Germplasm into Elite Breeding Lines,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Vol. 92, No. 2, 1996, pp. 191-203. doi:10.1007/BF00223376
A. Grover and D. Pental, “Breeding Objectives and Requirements for Producing Transgenics for Major Field Crops of India,” Current Science, Vol. 84, No. 3, 2003, pp. 310-320.
Y. L. Nene and V. K. Sheila, “Pigeonpea: Geography and Importance,” In: Y. L. Nene, S. D. Hall, V. K. Sheila, Eds., The Pigeonpea, CAB International, Wallingford, 1990, pp. 1-14.
M. R. Surekha Beena, A. Arundhati, P. K. Singh, R. Tuli, A. Dutta-Gupta and P. B. Kirti, “Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) Using Embryonal Segments and Development of Transgenic Plant for Resistance against Spodoptera,” Plant Science, Vol. 169, No. 6, 2005, pp. 10741080. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.07.011
K. K. Sharma, M. Lavanya and V. Anjaiah, “Agrobacterium Mediated Production of Transgenic Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L., Millsp) Expressing the Synthetic cry1ab gene,” In Vitro Cell Development and BiologyPlant, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2006, pp. 165-173.
S. Eapen and L. George, “Plant Regeneration from Leaf Discs of Peanut and Pigeonpea: Influence of Benzyladenine, Indoleacetic Acid and Indoleacetic Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates,” Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1993, pp. 223-227. doi:10.1007/BF00037274
N. Geetha, P. Venkatachalam, V. Prakash and G. LakshmiSita, “High Frequency Induction of Multiple Shoots and Plants Regeneration from Seedling Explants of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.),” Current Science, Vol. 75, No. 10, 1998, pp. 1036-1041.
S. Dayal, M. Lavanya, P. Devi and K. K. Sharma, “An Efficient Protocol for Shoot Regeneration and Genetic Transformation of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) by Using Leaf Explants,” Plant Cell Reports, Vol. 21, No. 11, 2003, pp. 1072-1079. doi:10.1007/s00299-003-0620-y
N. S. Prakash, D. Pental and N. Bhalla-Sarin, “Regeneration of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) from Cotyledonary Node via Multiple Shoots Formation,” Plant Cell Reports, Vol. 13, No. 11, 1994, pp. 623-627. doi:10.1007/BF00232933
M. L. Mohan and K. V. Krishnamurthy, “Plant Regeneration in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) by Organogenesis,” Plant Cell Reports, Vol. 17, No. 9, 1998, pp. 705-710. doi:10.1007/s002990050469
N. D. Singh, L. Sahoo, Sonia and P. K. Jaiwal, “In Vitro Shoot Organogénesis and Plant Regeneration from Cotyledonary Node and Leaf Explants of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.)” Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2002, pp. 133-140.
S. Eapen, S. Tivarkar and L. George, “Thidiazuron induced Shoot Regeneration in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.),” Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture, Vol. 53, No. 3, 1998, pp. 217-220. doi:10.1023/A:1006060318752
N. Geetha, P. Venkatachalam and G. LakshmiSita, “Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) and Development of Transgenic Plants via Direct Organogenesis,” Plant Biotechnology, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1999, pp. 213-218. doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.213
N. D. Singh, L. Sahoo, R. Saini, N. B. Sarin and P. K. Jaiwal, “In Vitro Regeneration and Recovery of Primary Transformants from Shoot Apices of Pigeonpea Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens,” Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2004, pp. 65-74.
M. I. Chumakov, N. A. Rozhok, V. A. Velicov, V. S. Tyrnov and I. V. Volokhina, “Agrobacterium-Mediated in Planta Transformation of Maize via Pistil Filaments,” Russian Journal of Genetics, Vol. 42, No. 8, 2006, pp. 893897. doi:10.1134/S1022795406080072
P. Supartana, T. Shimizu, M. Nogawa, H. Shioiri, T. Nakajima, N. Haramoto, M. Nozue and M. Kojima, “Development of Simple and Efficient in Planta Transformation Method for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens,” Journal of Bioscience and Bioengeering, Vol. 102, No. 3, 2006, pp. 162-170. doi:10.1263/jbb.102.162
K. S. Rao, R. Sreevathsa, P. D. Sharma, E. Keshamma, M. Udaya Kumar, “In Planta Transformation of Pigeon Pea: A Method to Overcome Recalcitrancy of the Crop to Regeneration,” Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2008, pp. 321-328. doi:10.1007/s12298-008-0030-2
S. V. Ramu, S. Rohini, G. Keshavareddy, M. Gowri Neelima, N. B. Shanmugam, A. R. V. Kumar, S. K. Sarangi, P. Ananda Kumar and M. Udayakumar, “Expression of a synthetic cry1AcF Gene in Transgenic Pigeon pea Confers Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera,” Journal of Applied Entomology, Vol. 136, No. 9, 2012, pp. 675-687. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2011.01703.x
J. T. Greenplate, S. R. Penn, Z. Shappley, M. Oppenhuizen, J. Mann, J. Reich and J. Oshorn, “Bollgard II Efficacy: Quantification of Total Lepidopteran Activity in a Two Gene Product,” Proceedings of Belt Wide Cotton Conference, Vol. 2, 2000, pp. 1041-1043.
J. Cao, J. Z. Zhao, A. M. Shelton and E. D. Earle, “Broccoli Plants Pyramided with cry1AC and cry1C Bt Gene Control Diamondback Moths Resistance to cry1A and cry1AC Proteins,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Vol. 105, No. 2, 2002, pp. 258-264. doi:10.1007/s00122-002-0942-0
K. Datta, N. Baisakh, K. M. Thet, J. Tu and S. K. Datta, “Pyramiding Transgenes for Multiple Resistance in Rice against Bacterial Blight, Stem Borer and Sheath Blight,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Vol. 106, No. 1, 2002, pp. 1-8.
S. Naimov, S. Dukiandjiev, A. Ruud and M. De, “A Hybrid Bacillus thuringiensis Delta-Endotoxin Gives Resistance against a Coleopteran and a Lepidopteran Pest in Transgenic Potato,” Journal of Plant Biotechnology, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2003, pp. 51-57.
S. K. Chakrabarti, A. Mandaokar, P. A. Kumar and R. P. Sharma, “Efficacy of Lepidopteran Specific δ-Endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis against Helicoverpa armigera,” Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, Vol. 72, No. 3, 1998, pp. 336-337. doi:10.1006/jipa.1998.4786
S. K. Chakrabarti, A. Mandaokar, P. A. Kumar and R. P. Sharma, “Synergistic Effect of cry1Ac and cry1F δ Endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis on Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera,” Current Science, Vol. 75, No. 7, 1998, pp. 663-664.