Previous research has shown that the effect of potassium fertilizer on soybean ([ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composi tion (protein, oil, fatty acids, and isoflavones) is still largely unknown. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of potassium application on seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and isoflavones under Midsouth envi ronmental conditions. A three-year experiment was conducted in two locations ( Milan , TN and Jackson , TN ). Potas sium (K) rates were applied in the form of K 2 O at a rate of 0 (Control, C), 45 (T1), 90 (T2), 134 (T3), and 179 (T4) kg·ha - 1 in a randomized complete block design. The results showed that increasing the K application rate did not result in consistent effects on yield. However, increasing K application rate did increase protein, oleic acid, and individual and total isoflavone concentrations at both locations in 2008 and 2009. In Jackson in 2010, the increase of K rate did not change oleic acid, but resulted in an increase in glycitein and genistein isoflavone concentrations. In 2010, increasing K application rate increased protein concentrations, decreased individual and total isoflavones, and did not change oleic acid concentration at Milan . At the highest rate of K, 179 kg·ha - 1 , yield and some seed composition constituents were negatively impacted. Generally, K concentration in leaves at V5, R1, R3, and seed at harvest maturity stage (R8) in creased with the increase of K rate applications. The research demonstrated that K application can alter seed composi tion, but this alteration depended on location, environmental stress factors, mainly heat and drought, K level in soil, and K application rate. Higher rates of K application may negatively impact seed composition constituents.
R. F. Wilson, “Seed Composition,” In: H. R. Boerma and J. E. Specht, Eds., Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses, 3rd Edition, ASA Monogr, 16. ASA, Madison, 2004, pp. 621-669.
T. Hymowitz and F. I. Collins, “Variability of Sugar Content of Seed of Glycine max (L.) Merr. and G. soja Serb. and Zucco,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 66, No. 2, 1974, pp. 239-240. doi:10.2134/agronj1974.00021962006600020017x
N. Bellaloui, J. R. Smith, A. M. Gillen and J. D. Ray, “Effect of Maturity on Seed Sugars as Measured on Near- Isogenic Soybean (Glycine max) Lines,” Crop Science, Vol. 50, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1978-1987. doi:10.2135/cropsci2009.10.0596
C. Wang, M. Sherrard, S. Pagadala, R. Wixon and R. A. Scott, “Isoflavone Content among Maturity Group 0 to II Soybeans,” Journal of the American Oil Chemist’s Society, Vol. 77, No. 5, 2000, pp. 483-487. doi:10.1007/s11746-000-0077-6
H. Wang and P. Murphy, “Isoflavone Composition of American and Japanese Soybeans in Iowa. Effects of Variety, Crop Year, and Location,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 42, No. 8, 1994, pp. 1674- 1677. doi:10.1021/jf00044a017
J. H. Cherry, L. Bishop, P. M. Hasegawa and H. R. Leffler, “Differences in the Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean Seed Produced in Northern and Southern Areas of the USA,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1985, pp. 237- 241. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83527-X
S. R. Schnebly and W. R. Fehr, “Effect of Years and Planting Dates on Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean Genotypes,” Crop Science, Vol. 33, No. 4, 1993, pp. 716- 719. doi:10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300040016x
X. Yin and T. J. Vyn, “Relationships of Isoflavone, Oil, and Protein in Seed with Yield of Soybean,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 97, No. 5, 2005, pp. 1314-1321. doi:10.2134/agronj2004.0316
H. Adlercreutz, T. Fotsis and C. Bannwart, “Determination of Urinary Lignans and Phytoestrogen Metabolites, Potential Antiestrogens and Anticarcinogens, in Urine of Women on Various Habitual Diets,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, Vol. 25, No. 5, 1986, pp. 791-797. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(86)90310-9
M. Naim, B. Gestetner, A. Bondi and Y. Birk, “Antioxidative and Antihemolytic Activity of Soybean Isoflavones,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1974, pp. 806-811. doi:10.1021/jf60195a031
T. Akiyama, J. Ishida, S. Nakagawa, H. Ogawara, S. Watanabe, N. Itoh, M. Shiuya and Y. Fukami, “Genistein, a Specific Inhibitor of Tyrosine Protein Kinases,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 262, No. 12, 1987, pp. 5592- 5595.
M. Messina, “Modern Applications for an Ancient Bean: Soybeans and the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease,” Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 125, No. 3, 1995, pp. S567-S569.
A. M. Simpson Jr. and J. R. Wilcox, “Genetic and Phenotypic Associations of Agronomic Characteristics in Four High Protein Soybean Populations,” Crop Science, Vol. 23, No. 6, 1983, pp. 1077-1081. doi:10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300060013x
E. E. Hartwig and T. C. Kilen, “Yield and Composition of Soybean Seed from Parents with Different Protein, Similar Yield,” Crop Science, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1991, pp. 290-292. doi:10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183X003100020011x
T. C. Helms and J. H. Orf, “Protein, Oil, and Yield of Soybean Lines Selected for Increased Protein,” Crop Science, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1998, pp. 707-711.
D. M. Maestri, D. O. Labuckas, J. M. Meriles, A. L. Lamarques, J. A. Zygadlo and C. A. Guzman, “Seed Composition of Soybean Cultivars Evaluated in Different Environmental Regions,” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 77, No. 4, 1998, pp. 494-498. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199808)77:4 3.0.CO;2-B
J. L. Dardanelli, M. Balzarini, M. J. Martinez, M. Cuniberti, S. Resnik, S. F. Ramunda, R. Herrero and H. Baigorri, “Soybean Maturity Groups, Environments, and Their Interaction Define Mega-Environments for Seed Composition in Argentina,” Crop Science, Vol. 46, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1939-1947. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.12-0480
N. Bellaloui, J. R. Smith, J. D. Ray and A. M. Gillen, “Effect of Maturity on Seed Composition in the Early Soybean Production System as Measured on Near-Isogenic Soybean Lines,” Crop Science, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2009, pp. 608-620. doi:10.2135/cropsci2008.04.0192
N. Bellaloui, A. Mengistu, D. K. Fisher and C. A. Abel, “Soybean Seed Composition Constituents as Affected by Drought and Phomopsis in Phomopsis Susceptible and Resistant Genotypes,” Journal of Crop Improvement, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2012, pp. 428-453. doi:10.1080/15427528.2011.651774
N. Bellaloui, A. Mengistu, L. H. S. Zobiole and W. T. Shier, “Resistance to Toxin-Mediated Fungal Infection: Role of Lignins, Isoflavones, Other Seed Phenolics, Sugars, and Boron in the Mechanism of Resistance to Charcoal Rot Disease in Soybean,” Toxin Reviews, Vol. 31, No. 1-2, 2012, pp. 16-26. doi:10.3109/15569543.2012.691150
J. E. Specht, K. Chase, M. Macrander, G. L. Graef, J. Chung, J. P. Markwell, H. H. Orf and K. G. Lark, “Soybean Response to Water: A QTL Analysis of Drought Tolerance,” Crop Science, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2001, pp. 493- 509. doi:10.2135/cropsci2001.412493x
N. Bellaloui and A. Mengistu, “Seed Composition Is Influenced by Irrigation Regimes and Cultivar Differences in Soybean,” Irrigation Science, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2008, pp. 261-268. doi:10.1007/s00271-007-0091-y
A. N. Kravchenko and D. G. Bullock, “Spatial Variability of Soybean Quality Data as a Function of Field Topography: II. A Proposed Technique for Calculating the Size of theArea for Differential Soybean Harvest,” Crop Science, Vol. 42, No. 3, 2002, pp. 816-821. doi:10.2135/cropsci2002.0816
A. N. Kravchenko and D. G. Bullock, “Spatial Variability of Soybean Quality Data as a Function of Field Topography: I. Spatial Data Analysis,” Crop Science, Vol. 42, No. 3, 2002, pp. 804-815. doi:10.2135/cropsci2002.0804
N. Bellaloui, J. E. Hanks, D. K. Fisher and A. Mengistu, “Soybean Seed Composition Is Influenced by With-In Field Variability in Soil Nutrients,” Crop Management, 2009. doi:10.1094/CM-2009-1203-01-RS
T. C. Helms, C. R. Hurburgh Jr., R. L. Lussenden and D. A. Whited, “Economic Analysis of Increased Protein and Decreased Yield Due to Delayed Planting of Soybean,” Journal of Production Agricultural, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1990, pp. 367-371. doi:10.2134/jpa1990.0367
N. Bellaloui, K. N. Reddy, A. M. Gillen, D. K. Fisher and A. Mengistu, “Influence of Planting Date on Seed Protein, Oil, Sugars, Minerals, and Nitrogen Metabolism in Soybean Under Irrigated and Non-irrigated Environments,” American Journal of Plant Science, Vol. 2, 2011, pp. 702- 715. doi:10.4236/ajps.2011.25085
J. A. Hoeck, W. R. Fehr, P. A. Murphy and G. A. Welke, “Influence of Genotype and Environment on Isoflavone Contents of Soybean,” Crop Science, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2000, pp. 48-51. doi:10.2135/cropsci2000.40148x
A. Eldridge and W. Kwolek, “Soybean Isoflavones: Effect of the Environment and Variety on Composition,” Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1983, pp. 394-396. doi:10.1021/jf00116a052
K. Kitamura, K. Igita, A. Kikuchi, S. Kudou and K. Okubo, “Low Isoflavone Content in Some Early Maturing Cultivars, So Called ‘Summer-Type Soybeans’,” Japanese Journal Breeding, Vol. 41, 1991, pp. 651-654.
C. Tsukamoto, S. Shimada, K. Igita, S. Kudou, M. Kokubun, K. Okubo and K. Kitamur, “Factors Affecting Isoflavone Content in Soybean Seeds: Changes in Isoflavones, Saponins, and Composition of Fatty Acids at Different Temperatures during Seed Development,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 43, No. 5, 1995, pp. 1184-1192. doi:10.1021/jf00053a012
P. Seguin and W. Zheng, “Potassium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Boron Fertilization Effects on Soybean Isoflavone Content and other Seed Characteristics,” Journal of Plant Nutrition, Vol. 29, No. 4, 2006, pp. 681-698.
K. Mengel and H. E. Haeder, “Effect of Potassium Supply on the Rate of Phloem Sap Exudation and the Composition of Phloem Sap of Ricinus communis,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 59, No. 2, 1977, pp. 282-284. doi:10.1104/pp.59.2.282
K. Mengel, M. Secer and K. Koch, “Potassium Effect on Protein Formation and Amino Acid Turnover in Developing Wheat Grain,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 73, No. 1, 1981, pp. 74-78. doi:10.2134/agronj1981.00021962007300010018x
D. A. Baker and P. E. Weatherley, “Water and Solute Transport by Exuding Root Systems of Ricinus communis,” Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1969, pp. 485-496. doi:10.1093/jxb/20.3.485
C. Miller, “Potassium Selectivity in Proteins-Oxygen Cage or in the Face,” Crop Science, Vol. 261, No. 5129, 1993, pp. 1692-1693.
K. H. Mühling, S. Schubert and K. Mengel, “Role of Plasmalemma H+ ATPase in Sugar Retention by Roots of Intact Maize and Field Bean Plants,” Zeitschrift für Pflanzenern?hrung und Bodenkunde, Vol. 156, No. 2, 1993, pp. 155-161. doi:10.1002/jpln.19931560210
R. G. W. Jones and A. Pollard, “Proteins, Enzymes and Inorganic Ions,” In: A. L?uchli and R. L. Bieleski, Eds., Inorganic Plant Nutrition, Springer, New York, 1983, pp. 528-562.
A. L. Kursanov and E. Vyskrebentzewa, “The Role of Potassium in Plant Metabolism and the Biosynthesis of Compounds Important for the Quality of Agricultural Products,” In: Potassium and the Quality of Agricultural Products, International Potash Institute, Bern, 1966, pp. 401-420.
K. Krueger, A. S. Goggi, A. P. Mallarino and R. E. Mullen, “Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization Effects on Soybean Seed Quality and Composition,” Crop Science, Vol. 53, No. 2, 2013, pp. 602-610. doi:10.2135/cropsci2012.06.0372
D. Anac and H. Colakoglu, “Current Situation of K Fertilization in Turkey,” In: K. Mengel and K. Krauss, Eds., K Availability of Soils in West Asia and North Africa- Status and Perspectives, International Potash Institute, Basel, 1995, pp. 235-247.
X. Yin and T. J. Vyn, “Potassium Placement Effects on Yield and Seed Composition of No-Till Soybean Seeded in Alternate Row Widths,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 95, No. 1, 2003, pp. 126-132. doi:10.2134/agronj2003.0126
M. K. Abbasi, M. M. Tahir, W. Azam, Z. Abbas and N. Rahim, “Soybean Yield and Chemical Composition in Response to Phosphorus-Potassium Nutrition in Kashmir,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 104, No. 5, 2012, pp. 1476-1484. doi:10.2134/agronj2011.0379
J. A. Lutz, G. R. Jones and E. B. Hale, “Chemical Composition and Yield of Soybeans as Affected by Irrigation and Deep Placement of Lime, Phosphorus and Potassium,” Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1973, pp. 475-483.
E. M. Gaydou and J. Arrivets, “Effects of Phosphorus, Potassium, Dolomite, and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Quality of Soybean Yields, Protein and Lipids,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1983, pp. 765-769. doi:10.1021/jf00118a022
K. Koch and K. Mengel, “The Influence of the Level of Potassium Supply to Young Tobacco Plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) on Short-Term Uptake and Utilization of Nitrate-Nitrogen (15N),” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 25, No. 5, 1974, pp. 465-471. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740250504
K. Koch and K. Mengel, “Effect on K and N Utilization of Spring Wheat during Grain Protein Formation,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 69, No. 3, 1977, pp. 477-480. doi:10.2134/agronj1977.00021962006900030036x
H. J. Savoy and D. Joines, “Lime and Fertilizer Recommendations for the Various Crops of Tennessee,” Chapter 2, Agronomic Crops, 2009.
SAS, “SAS 9.1 TS LeVel 1M3, Windows Version 5.1.2600,” SAS Institute, Cary, 2001.
J. R. Wilcox and R. M. Shibles, “Interrelationships among Seed Quality Attributes in Soybean,” Crop Science, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2001, pp. 11-14. doi:10.2135/cropsci2001.41111x
E. Boydak, M. Alpaslan, M. Hayta, S. Gercek and M. Simsek, “Seed Composition of Soybeans Grown in the Harran Region of Turkey as Affected by Row Spacing and Irrigation,” Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, Vol. 50, No. 16, 2002, pp. 4718-4720. doi:10.1021/jf0255331
J. Morrison, E. R. Cober, M. F. Saleem, N. B. McLaughlin, J. Fregeau-Reid, B. L. Ma, W. Yan and L. Woodrow, “Changes in Isoflavone Concentration with 58 Years of Genetic Improvement of Short-Season Soybean Cultivars in Canada,” Crop Science, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 2201-2208. doi:10.2135/cropsci2008.01.0023
T. Sato, K. Eguchi, T. Hatano and Y. Nishiba, “Use of Near-infra Red Reflectance Spectroscopy for the Estimation of Isoflavone Contents of Soybean Seeds,” Plant Production Science, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2008, pp. 481-486. doi:10.1626/pps.11.481
R. G. Gavlak, D. A. Horneck and R. O. Miller, “Plant, Soil and Water Reference Methods for the Western Region,” Western Regional Extension Publication (WREP) 125, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1994.
M. E. Watson and J. R. Brown, “pH and Lime Requirement,” In: J. R. Brown, Ed., Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region, No. 221, NCR Research Publication, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1998, pp. 13-16.
J. T. Sims, “Comparison of Mehlich 1 and Mehlich 3 Extractants for P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn in Atlantic Coastal Plain Soils,” Community Soil Science Plant Analogy, Vol. 20, No. 17-18, 1989, pp. 1707-1726. doi:10.1080/00103628909368178
T. J. Vyn, X. H. Yin, T. W. Bruulsema, C. J. C. Jackson, I. Rajcan and S. M. Brouder, “Potassium Fertilization Effects on Isoflavone Concentrations in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.],” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 50, No. 12, 2002, pp. 3501-3506. doi:10.1021/jf0200671
G. Rehm and M. Schmitt, “Potassium for Crop Production,” Regents of the University of Minnesota, 2002, Verified on May 22, 2013. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/dc6794.html
M. Haq and A. P. Mallarino, “Response of Soybean Grain Oil and Protein Concentrations to Foliar and Soil Fertilization,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 97, No. 3, 2005, pp. 910-918. doi:10.2134/agronj2004.0215
G. D. Jones and J. A. Lutz Jr., “Yield of Wheat and Soybeans and Oil and Protein Content of Soybean as Affected by Fertility Treatments and Deep Placement of Limestone,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6, 1971, pp. 931-934. doi:10.2134/agronj1971.00021962006300060033x
R. W. Howell and J. L. Cartter, “Physiological Factors Affecting Composition of Soybeans: I. Correlation of Temperature During Certain Portions of the Pod Filling Stage with Oil Percentage in Mature Beans,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 45, No. 11, 1953, pp. 526-528. doi:10.2134/agronj1953.00021962004500110002x
J. R. Wilcox and J. F. Cavins, “Normal and Low Linolenic Acid Soybean Strains: Response to Planting Date,” Crop Science, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1992, pp. 1248-1251. doi:10.2135/cropsci1992.0011183X003200050037x
L. G. Heatherly, “Early Soybean Production System (ESPS),” In: L. G. Heatherly and H. F. Hodges Eds, Soybean Production in the Midsouth, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1999, pp. 103-118.