Polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine are low molecular weight polycations implicated in flowering and seed set and plants’ responses under adverse environmental conditions. Research in other crops has shown that poly amine metabolism is greatly affected by water-deficit stress, however, no information exist s on cotton ( Gossypium hir sutum L.). A field study was conducted in 2011 in two contrasting locations (Fayetteville, AR, and Lubbock, TX) in order to investigate the effect of water-deficit stress during flowering on polyamine metabolism of the cotton flower and its subtending leaf. Treatments consisted of control (well watered) and water-stress (irrigation withheld for two weeks at the onset of flowering) in a split plot design. First day white flowers and their subtending leaves were collected at the end of each week of the stress period for determination of polyamine concentrations. Water-deficit stress resulted in significant increases in PUT and SPD levels of pistils and leaves compared to the control. However, pistil and leaf SPM content significantly increased under drought conditions in one location and remained unaltered in the other one. Leaf and pistil polyamine metabolism of cotton appeared to be greatly affected by limited water supply, however further re search is needed to elucidate the ways polyamines can be used to increase cotton drought tolerance.
D. M. Oosterhuis, “A Post Mortem of the Disappointing Yields in the 1993 Arkansas Cotton Crop,” In: D. M. Oostehuis, Ed., Summaries of Arkansas Cotton Research, Fayetteville, 1994, pp. 22-26.
J. A. Lee “Cotton as a World Crop,” In: R. J. Kohel and C. F. Lewis, Eds., Cotton Agronomy Monogram 24, ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, 1984, pp. 1-25.
D. M. Oosterhuis and S. D. Wullschleger, “Osmotic Adjustment in Cotton (Gossypium Hisrsutum L.) Leaves and Roots in Response to Water Stress,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 84, No. 4, 1987, pp. 1154-1157. doi:10.1104/pp.84.4.1154
A. L. Nepomuceno, D. M. Oosterhuis and J. M. Stewart, “Physiological Responses of Cotton Leaves and Roots to Water Deficit Induced by Polythelene Glycol,” Environmental and Experimental Botany, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1998, pp. 29-41. doi:10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00018-5
J. J. Burke, J. L. Hatfield, R. R. Klein and J. E. Mullet, “Accumulation of Heat Shock Proteins in Field Grown Soybean,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 78, No. 2, 1985, pp. 394-398. doi:10.1104/pp.78.2.394
V. V. Kuznetsov, V. Rakitin and V. N. Zholkevich, “Effects of Preliminary Heat-Shock Treatment on Accumulation of Osmolytes and Drought Resistance in Cotton Plants during Water Deficiency,” Physiologia Plantarum, Vol. 107, No. 4, 1999, pp. 399-406. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100405.x
J. E. Quisenberry and B. Roark, “Influence of Indeterminate Growth Habit on Yield and Irrigation Water-Use Efficiency in Upland Cotton,” Crop Science, Vol. 16, 1976, pp. 762-765. doi:10.2135/cropsci1976.0011183X001600060005x
G. A. Constable and A. B. Hearn, “Irrigation of Crops in a Subhumid Climate, 6: Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cotton,” Irrigation Science, Vol. 2, 1981, pp. 17-28.
P. O. Cull, A. B. Hearn and R. C. G. Smith, “Irrigation Scheduling of Cotton in a Climate with Uncertain Rainfall. I. Crop Water Requirements and Response to Irrigation,” Irrigation Science, Vol. 2, 1981, pp. 127-140. doi:10.1007/BF00257975
P. O. Cull, R. G. C. Smith and K. McCaffery, “Irrigation Scheduling of Cotton in a Climate with Uncertain Rainfall. II. Development and Application of A Model for Irrigation Scheduling,” Irrigation Science, Vol. 2, 1981, pp. 141-154. doi:10.1007/BF00257976
N. C. Turner, A. B. Hearn, J. E. Begg and G. A. Constable, “Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Physiological and Morphological Responses to Water Deficits and Their Relationship to Yield,” Field Crops Research, Vol. 14, 1986, pp. 153-170. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(86)90054-7
D. W. Grimes, W. L. Dickens and W. D. Anderson, “Functions for Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Production from Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Variables. Ii. Yield Components and Quality Characteristics,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 61, No. 5, 1969, pp. 773-776. doi:10.2134/agronj1969.00021962006100050036x
A. Bouchereau, A. Aziz, F. Lahrer and J. Martin-Tanguy, “Polyamines and Environmental Challenges: Recent Developments,” Plant Science, Vol. 140, No. 2, 1999, pp. 103-125. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00218-0
R. Kaur-Sawhney, A. F. Tiburcio, T. Altabella and A. W. Galston, “Polyamines in Plants: An Overview,” Journal of Cell Molecular Biology, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1-12.
P. T. Evans and R. L. Malmberg, “Do Polyamines Have Roles in Plant Development?” Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 40, 1989, pp. 235-269. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.001315
R. K. Kakkar and V. K. Rai, “Plant Polyamines in Flowering and Fruit Ripening,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 33, No. 6, 1993, pp. 1281-1288. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85076-4
M. D. Groppa and M. P. Benavides, “Polyamines and Abiotic Stresses: Recent Advances,” Amino Acids, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2008, pp. 35-45. doi:10.1007/s00726-007-0501-8
A. C. Bibi, D. M. Oosterhuis and E. D. Gonias, “Exogenous Application of Putrescine Ameliorates the Effect of High Temperature in Gossypium hirsutum L. Flowers and Fruit Development,” Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, Vol. 196, No. 3, 2010, pp. 205-211. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2009.00414.x
A. Massaci, S. M. Nabiev, L. Petrosanti, S. K. Nematov, T. N. Chernikova, K. Thor and J. Leipner, “Response of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to the Onset of Drought Stress under Field Conditions Studied by Gas-Exchange Analysis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2008, pp.189-195. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.10.006
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), “Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability,” In: M. L. Parry, O. F. Cnaziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden and C. E. Hanson, Eds., Contribution of Working Group II to Fourth Assesment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007, pp. 1-49.
M. A. Smith and P. J. Davies, “Separation and Quantification of Polyamines in Plant Tissue by High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Their Dansyl Derivatives,” Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 78, 1985, pp. 89-91. doi:10.1104/pp.78.1.89
T. C. Hsiao, “Plant Responses to Water Stress,” Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1973, pp. 519-570. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.24.060173.002511
F. X. Socias, M. J. Correia, M. M. Chaves and H. Medrano, “The Role of Abscisic Acid and Water Relations in Drought Responses of Subterranean Clover,” Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 48, 1997, pp. 1281- 1288. doi:10.1093/jxb/48.6.1281
M. M. Chaves, J. S. Pereira, J. Maroco, M. L. Rodriguez, C. P. P. Ricardo, M. L. Osorio, I. Carvalho, T. Faria and C. Pinheiro, “How Plants Cope with Water Stress in the Field. Photosynthesis and Growth,” Annals of Botany, Vol. 89, No. 7, 2002, pp. 907-916. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf105
S. D. Wullschleger and D. M. Oosterhuis, “Photosynthetic and Respiratory Activity of Fruiting Forms within the Cotton Canopy,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 94, No. 2, 1990, pp. 463-469. doi:10.1104/pp.94.2.463
V. A. Da Costa and J. T. Cothren, “Drought Effects on Gas Exchange, Chlorophyll, and Plant Growth of 1-Methylcyclopropene Treated Cotton,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 103, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1230-1241. doi:10.2134/agronj2010.0479
D. A. Loka, D. M. Oosterhuis, B. L. McMichael and C. J. Fernandez, “Water-Deficit Stress and Reproductive Development in Cotton,” Procedures of the Beltwide Cotton Production and Research Conference of National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, 4-8 January 2010.
H. S. Nayyar, S. Kumar, K. J. Singh and K. K. Dhir, “Involvement of Polyamines in the Contrasting Sensitivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) to Water-Deficit Stress,” Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2005, pp. 333-338.
H. P. Liu, Z. X. Zhu, T. X. Liu and Z. H. Li, “Effects of Osmotic Stress on the Kinds, Forms and Levels of Polyamines in Wheat Coleoptiles,” Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, Vol. 32, 2006, pp. 293-299.
J. Yang, J. Zhang, K. Liu, Z. Wang and L. Liu, “Involvement of Polyamines in Drought Resistance of Rice,” Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 58, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1545-1555. doi:10.1093/jxb/erm032
K. Yamaguchi, Y. Takahashi, T. Berberich, A. Imai, T. Takahashi, A. J. Michael and T. Kusano, “A Protective Role for the Polyamine Spermine against Drought Stress in Arabidopsis,” Biochemistry and Biophysics Research Community, Vol. 352, 2007, pp. 486-490. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.041
R. Alcazar, J. Planas, T. Saxena, X. Zarza, C. Bortolotti, J. Cuevas, M. Bitrian, A. F. Tiburcio and T. Altabella, “Putrescine Accumulation Confers Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Over-Expressing the Homologous Arginine decarboxylase 2 Gene,” Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Vol. 48, 2010, pp. 547-552. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.02.002
K. Liu, H. Fu, Q. Bei and S. Luan, “Inward Potassium Channel in Guard Cells as a Target of Polyamine Regulation of Stomatal Movements,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 124, No. 3, 2000, pp. 1315-1325. doi:10.1104/pp.124.3.1315
T. Capell, L. Bassle and P. Christou, “Modulation of the Polyamine Biosynthetic Pathway in Trasngenic Rice Confers Tolerance to Drought Stress,” Proceedings of National Academy of Science, Vol. 101, No. 26, 2004, pp. 9909-9914. doi:10.1073/pnas.0306974101
T. Capell, J. L. Campos and A. F. Tiburcio, “Antisenescence Properties of Guazatine in Osmotically Stressed Oat Leaves,” Phytochemistry, Vol. 32, No. 4, 1993, pp. 785-788. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85205-6
I. Lazcano-Ferrat and C. J. Lovatt, “Relationship between Relative Water Content, Nitrogen Pools and Growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. acutifolius, A. Gray During Water Deficit,” Crop Science, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1999, pp. 467-475. doi:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X0039000200028x