Influence of Carbohydrates, Mineral Nutrients and Plant Hormones in Alternate Bearing of Black Pepper (<i>Piper nigrum</i> L.) — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Influence of Carbohydrates, Mineral Nutrients and Plant Hormones in Alternate Bearing of Black Pepper (<i>Piper nigrum</i> L.)
Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, India.
,
Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, India.
,
Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, India.
,
Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, India.
1 Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, India.
2 Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, India.
3 Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, India.
4 Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode, India.
Alternate bearing habit, a common phenomenon prevalent in some of the fruit trees is observed in black pepper variety Panniyur-1 also. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the role of carbohydrates, mineral nutrients and plant hormones (IAA and zeatin riboside) in alternate bearing in Panniyur-1 variety. The experiment was conducted for three consecutive years at Murugarajendra estate, Madikeri, Karnataka, India (12.42 。 N, 75.73 。 E). Carbohydrate, mineral nutrient and plant hormone (IAA and zeatin riboside) statuses of the leaves as well as fruiting branches (stem) were compared between good fruiting year (on year) and low fruiting year (off year). Results revealed that concentration of mineral nutrients in leaves was more during on year compared to off year while the reverse was true on the stem. Both stem and leaf metabolite levels at harvest were higher in off year compared to on year suggesting that remobilization of nutrients to the developing berries must have been affected during off year, thus leading to accumulation of more nutri ents at harvest in off year compared to on year. Leaf had higher concentration of most of mineral nutrients compared to stem. Spraying of 1% solution of complex fertilizer 19:19:19 (percent N:P:K) three times at an interval of 3 weeks from flower primordial initiation to flowering period enhanced the yield to the extent of around 30 % during off year. Auxin to cytokinin ratio was 6.6 and 6.1 in on year and 6.3 and 5.7 in off year at flowering and 3 months after flowering re spectively, suggesting that this ratio itself may not play a major role in flowering during on and off years, though the ratio was slightly more during on year. Results of the study indicate that efficient utilization of metabolites and nutrients in on year may render vine weak in the subsequent year coupled with poor remobilization into developing berries , which could make it an off year.
E. E. Goldschmidt, “Regulatory Aspects of Alternate Bearing in Fruit Trees,” Italus Hortus, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2005, pp. 11-17.
M. W. Smith, C. T. Rohla and N. O. Maness, “Correlations of Crop Load and Return Bloom with Root and Shoot Concentrations of Potassium, Nitrogen, and Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Pecan,” Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Vol. 132, No. 1, 2007, pp. 44-51.
A. E. Pillay, J. R. Williams, M. O. El-Mardi, S. M. Hassan and A. Al-Hamdi, “Boron and the Alternate-Bearing Phenomenon in the Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera),” Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 62, No. 2, 2005, pp. 199-207.
T. M. Spann, R. H. Beede and T. M. Dejong, “Seasonal Carbohydrate Storage and Mobilization in Bearing and Non-Bearing Pistachio (Pistacia vera) Trees,” Tree Physiology, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2008, pp. 207-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.2.207
S. N. Vemmos, “Alternate Bearing and the Possible Role of Carbohydrates in Bud Abscission of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.),” In: G. Zakynthinos, Ed., XIV GREMPA Meeting on Pistachios and Almonds, Zaragoza: CIHEAM /FAO/AUA/TEI Kalamatas/NAGREF, Options Méditerranéennes, Série A, Séminaires Méditerranéens, No. 94, 2010, pp. 9-18.
S. Sadashivam and A. Manickam, “Biochemical Methods for Agricultural Sciences,” Wiley, New Delhi, 1992.
K. Aniket, P. Pankaj, K. Ankita, G. Kanchanganga and H. Abhay, “Auxin-Like Activity of Extract from Hypertrophied Tissue of Acacia eburnea Infected with Ravenelia esculenta,” Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, Vol. 94, No. 1, 2008, pp. 101-104.
E. Glickmann and Y. Dessaux, “A Critical Examination of the Specificity of the Salkowski Reagent for Indolic Compounds Produced by Phytopathogenic Bacteria,” Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 61, No. 2, 1995, pp. 793-796.
ASTA, “American Spice Trade Association (ASTA) Official Analytical Methods,” 2nd Edition, American Spice Trade Association, New York, 1968.
M. H. Jyothi, R. Soppin and S. Ekbote, “Biochemical Changes in the Leaf of Bearing and Nonbearing Trees of Some Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Varieties/Hybrids,” Advances in Agricultural Research in India, Vol. 10, 2000, pp. 17-23.
K. S. Krishnamurthy and B. Chempakam, “Investigation on the Influence of Seedling’s Physiological Attributes on Productivity in Black Pepper,” Indian Journal of Horticulture, Vol. 66, No. 1, 2009, pp. 95-100.
M. S. Nejad and A. Niroomand, “Carbohydrate Content and Its Roles in Alternate Bearing in Olive,” Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 16, 2007, pp. 2744-2747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.2744.2747
C. Monerri, A. Fortunato-Almeida, R. V. Molina, S. G. Nebauer, A. García-Luis and J. L. Guardiola, “Relation of Carbohydrate Reserves with the Forthcoming Crop, Flower Formation and Photosynthetic Rate, in the Alternate Bearing ‘Salustiana’ Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L.),” Scientia Horticulturae, Vol. 129, No. 1, 2011, pp. 71-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.009
F. Nishikawa, M. Iwasaki, H. Fukamachi, K. Nonaka, A. Imai, F. Takishita, T. Yano and T. Endo, “Fruit Bearing Suppresses Citrus FLOWERING LOCUS T Expression in Vegetative Shoots of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.),” Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, Vol. 81, No. 1, 2012, pp. 48-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/jjshs1.81.48
Y. Okay, N. T. Günes and A. I. Koksal, “Free Endogenous Growth Regulators in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.),” African Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 6, No. 5, 2011, pp. 1161-1169.
I. Baktir, S. Ulger, L. Kaynak and D. G. Himelrick, “Relationship of Seasonal Changes in Endogenous Plant Hormones and Alternate Bearing of Olive Trees,” Hort Science, Vol. 39, No. 5, 2004, pp. 987-990.
M. Hegele, C. Sritontip, A. Chattrakul, P. Tiyayon, D. Naphrom, K. Sringarm, P. Sruamsiri, P. Manochai and J. N. Wünsche, “Hormonal Control of Flower Induction in Litchi and Longan,” Acta Horticulturae, Vol. 863, 2010, pp. 305-314.
M. V. Mickelbart, G. S. Bendera, G. W. Witney, C. Adams and M. L. Arpaia, “Effects of Clonal Rootstocks on ‘Hass’ Avocado Yield Components, Alternate Bearing, and Nutrition,” Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, Vol. 82, No. 3, 2007, pp. 460-466.
R. Fernández-Escobar, R. Moreno and M. Garci′a-Creus, “Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Olive Leaves during the Alternate-Bearing Cycle,” Scientia Horticulturae, Vol. 82, No. 1-2, 1999, pp. 25-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00045-X
M. E. Amiri, “Physiological Influence of N in preventing of Alternate-Bearing of Pistachio (Pistacia vera cv. Kalleh-Ghuchi),” Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2009, pp. 301-305.
A. A. Kangarshahi, G. Savaghebi and N. A. Amiri, “Alleviation of Alternate Bearing in Satsuma Mandarin by Use of Nitrogen Management and Application of Pruning in East of Maz Andaran Province,” Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, Vol. 42, No. 3, 2012, pp. 217-225.
C. T. Rohla, M. W. Smith, N. O. Maness and W. Reid, “A Comparison of Return Bloom and Nonstructural Carbohydrates, Nitrogen, and Potassium Concentrations in Moderate and Severe Alternate-Bearing Pecan Cultivars,” Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Vol. 132, No. 2, 2007, pp. 172-176.
N. Jagathjothi, P. Muthukrishnan and M. M. Amanullah, “Influence of Foliar Nutrition on Growth and Yield of Transplanted Rice,” Madras Agricultural Journal, Vol. 99, No. (4/6), 2012, pp. 275-278.
R. Kuttimani and A. Velayutham, “Foliar Application of Nutrients Enhances the Yield Attributes and Nutrient Uptake of Greengram,” Agricultural Science Digest, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2011, pp. 202-205.
L. R. Balai and G. L. Keshwa, “Effect of Thiourea on Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Varieties under Normal and Late Sown Conditions,” Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2011, pp. 34-37.
S. A. Chermahini, N. Moallemi, D. A. Nabati and A. R. Shafieizargar, “Winter Application of Foliar Urea Can Promote Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characters of Flower and Fruit Set of Valencia Orange Trees,” Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2011, pp. 252-255.
M. S. Brar and A. S. Brar, “Foliar Nutrition as a Supplement to Soil Fertilizer Application to Increase Yield of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum),” Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 74, No. 9, 2004, pp. 472-475.
K. Karp and M. Starast, “Effects of Springtime Foliar Fertilization on Strawberry Yield in Estonia,” Acta Horticulturae, Vol. 594, 2002, pp. 501-505.