Testing Leaf Multispectral Reflectance Data as Input into Random Forest to Differentiate Velvetleaf from Soybean

Abstract

Velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) infestations negatively impact row crop production throughout the United States and Canada’s eastern provinces. To implement management strategies to control velvetleaf, managers need tools for differentiating it from crop plants. 5 Band, 7 Band, 8 Band, and 16 Band multispectral datasets simulating LANDSAT 3 plus a blue band, LANDSAT 8, WorldView 2, and WorldView 3 spectral bands, respectively were tested as input into the random forest algorithm for velvetleaf soybean [ Glycine max L. (Merr.)] discrimination. During two separate greenhouse experiments in 2014, leaf reflectance measurements were obtained at the vegetative growth stage of velvetleaf plants and two soybean varieties. The reflectance measurements were collected with a plant contact probe attached to a hyperspectral spectroradiometer. Leaf hyperspectral reflectance measurements were convolved to the four multispectral datasets with computer software. Overall, user’s, and producer’s accuracies and kappa coefficient were employed to determine classification accuracies. Using the multispectral datasets as input, the random forest algorithm differentiated velvetleaf from the soybean varieties with accuracies ranging from 86.7% to 100%. 7 Band, 16 Band, 8 Band, and 5 Band datasets ranked or tied for the highest accuracies seventeen, sixteen, twelve, and one time, respectively. Kappa coefficients indicated an almost perfect agreement (i.e., kappa value, 0.81 - 1.0) to substantial agreement (i.e., kappa value, 0.61 - 0.80) between reference data and model predicted classes. This study was the first to demonstrate the application of the random forest machine learner and leaf multispectral reflectance data as tools to distinguish velvetleaf from soybean and to identify multispectral band combinations providing the best accuracies. Findings support further application of the random forest machine learner along with remotely-sensed multispectral data as tools for velvetleaf soybean discrimination with future implications for site-specific management of velvetleaf.