In this study, Yangmeikeng mountain area with a long-term natural restoration status (communities 1, 2, and 3) and Chiao mountain area with an artificially disturbed status (communities 4 and 5) in Shenzhen in China were subjected to plant community composition and diversity statistical analysis on the basis of the following indices: plant height; density; tree layer DBH; coverage; number of family, genus, and species; calculated diversity indices; richness; similarity coefficients of family, genus and species; and species evenness. The diversity levels of each index in each community were compared, and the relationships of family, genus, and species in the communities with one another were determined. The integrated diversity levels in the two areas were also analyzed. Results showed that the composition status of three communities, especially communities 2 and 3, which were located at high elevation, in Yangmeikeng with the long-term natural restoration status was better. The diversity values were also evidently higher. The vegetation composition in Yangmeikeng was also greater than that in Chiao. The integration status of numerous diversity indices, such as evenness and richness, was higher than that of the latter. These data could be used as a basis for arguments regarding the status of natural and artificial forest biodiversities. Many species in the community in artificial forests were shrubs and herbs. The richness and proportion of tree species were distinctly low. Thus, shrubs and herbs were the main components of the artificial interference community. The number and richness of the tree species in natural or long-term natural restoration forests were higher than those of the former. The family diversity D f of the three communities in Yangmeikeng was slightly lower than that of the two communities in Chiao. By contrast, the genus diversity D g , family richness, and genus richness in Yangmeikeng were higher than those in Chiao. In terms of α -diversity and similarity coefficient, family, genus, and species were not directly related to one another. Therefore, species, genus, and family composition should be combined with their diversity status in the statistical and biodiversity analysis of a community. Synthetic diversity indices should be further analyzed to evaluate the diversity status of a community objectively.
KeywordsDiversityCommunityFamilyGenusSpecies
Ehrlich, P.R. and Wilson, E.O. (1991) Biodiversity Studies: Science and Policy. Science, 253, 758-762. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5021.758
Tilman, D. and Downing, J.A. (1994) Biodiversity and Stabilityin Grasslands. Nature, 367, 363-365. https://doi.org/10.1038/367363a0
Tilman, D. (1996) Biodiversity: Population versus Ecosystemstability. Ecology, 77, 350-363. https://doi.org/10.2307/2265614
Naeem, S., Thompson, L.J., Lawton, J.H. and Woodfin, R.M. (1995) Empirical Evidence That Declining Species Diversitymay Alter Performance of Terrestrial Ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 347, 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1995.0025
Kareiva, P. (1994) Diversity Begets Productivity. Nature, 368, 686-689. https://doi.org/10.1038/368686a0
Kareiva, P. (1996) Diversity and Sustainability on the Prairie. Nature, 379, 673-674. https://doi.org/10.1038/379673a0
Huston, M.A. (1997) Hidden Treatments in Ecological Experiments: Evaluating the Ecosystem Function of Biodiversity. Oecologia, 110, 449-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050180
Wu, Y.N. and Zhang, Y.F. (1997) The Relationship between Plant Species Diversity and Productivity of Steppe Community. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Neimongol, 28, 667-673.
Bai, Y.F., Li, L.H., Huang, J.H. and Chen, Z.Z. (2001) The Influence of Plant Diversity and Functional Composition on Ecosystem Stability of Four Stipa Communities in the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Acta Botanica Sinica, 43, 280-287.
Qin, G.L., Du, G.Z., Li, Z.Z., Yang, G.Y., Ma, J.Y. and Ning, M.J. (2002) Relationship between Productivity and Species Diversity in Alpine Meadow Plant Community. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 26, 57-62.
Shang, Z.H., Yao, A.X. and Long, R.J. (2005) Analysis on the Relationship between the Species Diversity and the Productivity of Plant Communities in the Arid Mountainous Regions in China. Arid Zone Research, 22, 74-78.
Wen, Y.G., Chen, F., Liu, S., Liang, H., Yuan, C.A. and Zhung, H. (2006) The Relationship between Plant Species Diversity with Productivity in Eucalyptus Plantation, Guangxi Province, China. Proceeding of Chinese Doctor Graduate Academic Forum—Branch Forum of Biodiversity of China, Chengdu, 20-23 July 2006, 24-29.
Li, X.H., Zhou, Q. and Zhang, G.S. (2008) Effect of Biodiversity on the Services of Urban Ecosystem. Ecology Economy, 409-415.
Ecosystem
Jin, H.X. (2012) Study on Species Diversity and Productivity of Forest Planted for Ecosystem Restoration. Doctor Dissertation, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou.
Yin, X.X., Tian, X.G., Wang, D.Y., Wang, H., Xie, Z.G. and Wang, X.R. (2013) Diversity Analysis on the Plant Community Characteristics of Urban Park in Shenzhen. Journal of Hubei University for Nationalities (Natural Science Edition), 31, 366-376.
Liu, M., Qiu, Z.J., Zhou, G.Y. and Xu, H. (2007) Undergrowth Species Diversity of Acacia mangium Plantationin Phoenix Mountain, Shenzhen, China. Forest Science and Technology of Guangdong, 23, 26-31
Liu, J., Luo, L., Wu, G.P., Zhang, B., Zhan, H.L. and Liao, W.B. (2010) Studies on Sinosideroxylon wightianum comminities in Dananshan Region of Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany, 18, 523-529.
Zhang, Y.X., Chen, H.F., Qin, X.S., Zhang, R.J. and Xing, F.W. (2007) Characteristics and Species Diversity of Syzygium odoratum Community in Dapeng Peninsula, Shenzhen. Guihaia, 27, 596-603.
Kang, J., Liu, W.Q., Yu, F.Q., Zhai, Q.J. and Liao, W.B. (2005) Vegetation Types and Plant Community Characters in Bijiangshan Park in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 44, 10-31.
Wang, D.P., Ji, S.Y., Chen, F.P., Xing, F.W. and Peng, S.L. (2003) A Study on the Species Diversity and Succession Situation of Natural Forest Communities in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 1415-1422.
Chen, Y., Sun, B., Liao, S.B., Luo, S.X., Liu, D.W., Du, P.Z. and Li, F.D. (2013) Classification of Main Phytocomunity and Biodiversity in Shenzhen. Forest Research, 26, 636-642.
Ouyang, Z.Y., Li, Z.X., Liu, J.G., et al. (2002) The Recovery Processes of Giant Panda Habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 22, 1841-1849.
Pielou, P.C. (1975) Ecological Diversity. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken.
Lloyd, M., Inger, R.F. and King, F.W. (1968) On the Diversity of the Reptile and Amphibian Species in a Bomean Rain Forest. American Naturalist, 102, 497-515. https://doi.org/10.1086/282563
Huang, Y.Y., Yu, X.F., Liang, H, Zhao, K.S., Lu, Y.H., Chen, Y.H., Liu, N., Yang, L.J., Dong, A.Q., Ming, Z. and Lai, B.W. (2016) Studies on Vegetation Composition and Plant Diversity of Shenzhen Lianhua Mountain. Agricultural Research and Application, 18-34.
Huang, Y.Y., Nong, B.X., Zhong, Y.C., Wei, L.J., Huang, L.M., Xu, F. and Lu, Y.F. (2012) Studies on Distribution, Habitat Situation and Diversity of Eight Wild Cycads in China. Proceeding of the 2012 Annual Conference of Ecological Society of China, 9, 51-53.
Huang, Y.Y., Zhao, K.S., Chen, Y.H., Yu, X.F., Liang, H., Yang, L.J., Ming, Z., Wang, H.Y. and Zhou, Z.B. (2014) Study on Plant Diversity of Lianhuashan Park of Shenzhen. Proceeding of 13th Ecology Conference of China, Shenyang, 18-19 September 2014, 103-104.
Mao, Z.H. and Zhu, J.J. (2006) Effects of Disturbances on Species Composition and Diversity of Plant Communities. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26, 2696-2701.
Wang, Y., Ouyang, Z.Y., Zheng, H., Chen, F., Chen, S.B. and Zeng, J. (2013) Effects of Three Forest Restoration Approaches on Plant Diversity in Red Soil Region Southern China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33, 1204-1211. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201207080956
Ma, K.P. and Liu, Y.M. (1994) The Measured Methods of Biological Community Diversity, Iα-Diversity Measured Methods. Chinese Biodiversity, 2, 231-239.
Kita, Y., Ueda, K. and Kadota, Y. (1995) Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of the Asian Aconitum Subgenus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae). Journal of Plant Research, 108, 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344231
Chaw, S.M., Zharkikh, A., Sung, H.M., Lau, T.C. and Li, W.H. (1997) Molecular Phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperms and Seed Plant Evolution: Analysis of Nuclear 18s rRNA Sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025702
Devoto, A., Hartmann, H.A., Piffanelli, P., Elliott, C., Simmons, C., Taramino, G., Goh, C.S., Cohen, F.E., Emerson, B.C., Schulze-Lefert, P. and Panstruga, R. (2003) Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of the Plant-Specific Seven-Transmembrane MLO Family. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 56, 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-002-2382-5
Heubl, G., Bringmann, G. and Meimberg, H. (2006) Molecular Phylogeny and Character Evolution of Carnivorous Plant Families in Caryophyllales. Plant Biology, 8, 821-830. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924460
Feng, H.B. (2006) Molecular Phylogeny of Calycanthaceae. Master Dissertation, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian.
He, M. (2007) Study on Molecular Phylogenetics of the Genus Syringa in Northeastern China. Doctoral Dissertation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin.
Liu, L. (2007) Molecular Phylogeny of Chinese Brachytheciaceae. Doctoral Dissertation, Chinese Eastern Normal University, Shanghai.
Wang, F.X. (2007) Studies on Morphology and Molecular Systematics of Four Genera in Chinese Mniaceae. Master Dissertation, Nanjing Forestry University.
Huang, Y.Y., Nong, B.X., Liu, C., Zhong, X.Q. and Wei, L.P. (2009) Improving of RAPD Reaction System in Cycad and Studies on the Genetic Relationships of Some Species. Guihaia, 29, 569-575.
Huang, J.L., Sun, G.L. and Zhang, D.M. (2010) Molecular Evolution and Phylogeny of the Angiosperm ycf2 Gene. Journal of Syetematics and Evolution, 48, 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00080.x
Li, X.Q., Zhang, G.B. and Chao, J.K. (2007) Study on Plant Species Diversity in the Forest Communities in Lingnan in Anhui Province. Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Science & Technology, 34, 28-31.
He, D.J., Hong, T., Hu, H.Q., Wang, Z.Y., Liu, Y.S. and Fan S.F. (2007) Species Diversity in Different Forest Landscapes in Wuyishan Scenery District. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 15, 9-13.
Burton, M.L., Samuelson, L.J. and Pan, S. (2005) Riparian Woody Plant Diversity and Forest Structure along an Urban-Rural Gradient. Urban Ecosystems, 8, 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-005-1421-6
Majumdar, K., Shankar, U. and Datta, B.K. (2012) Tree Species Diversity and Stand Structure along Major Community Types in Lowland Primary and Secondary Moist Deciduous Forests in Tripura, Northeast India. Journal of Forestry Research, 23, 553-568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-012-0295-8
Li, Z.S.,Tang, J.W., Zheng, Z., Li, Q.J., Luo, C.K., Liu, Z.A., Li, Z.N., Duan, W.Y. and Guo X.M. (2004) A Study on Plant Diversity of Tropical Mountain Rain Forests Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 28, 833-843. https://doi.org/10.17521/cjpe.2004.0109
Wale, H.A., Bekele, T. and Dalle, G. (2012) Plant Community and Ecological Analysis of Woodland Vegetation in Metema Area, Amhara National Regional State, Northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Forestry Research, 23, 599-607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-012-0300-2