Essential oils from Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon citratus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Peumus boldus and Foeniculum vulgare were extracted by hydrodistillation, chemically characterized and quantified by GC/MS and GC/FID. The principal componentes in the essential oil of M. piperita (carvone and limonene), C. citratus (geranial, neral and myrcene), R. officinalis (1,8-cineole, camphor and α -pinene), P. boldu s ( α -terpinyl formate, p -cymene and 1,8-cineole) and F. vulgare (methyl chavicol, limonene and fenchone) were identified. The oils were tested for antioxidant activity employing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) radical-capture method, the oxidation of the β -carotene/linoleic acid system, and the ABTS radical-capture method. The essential oils were not effective. The antioxidant activities of the oils were determined by the hydroxyl method, and the highest activity (62.80%) was observed with the essential oil from M. piperit a. Activities of 1.54 and 1.82 μ g μ g - 1 , respectively, were observed for the essential oils from C. citratus and P. Boldus using the phosphomoly bd enum method . No activity was observed with respect to reducing power. The essential oil from C. citratus was effective in inhibiting the growth of L. monocytogenes (15.63 mg·L - 1 ), S. choleraesuis (15.63 mg·L - 1 ) and E. coli (31.25 mg·L - 1 ), and the essential oil from P. boldus inhibited the growth of S. aureus (62.5 mg·L - 1 ). No essential oil inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa . A low antioxidant activity and a promising antibacterial activity were observed for these essential oils.
Simoes, C.M.O., Schenkel, E.P., Gosmann, G., Mello, J.C.P., Mentz, L.A. and Petrovick, P.R. (2007) Farmacognosia: da planta ao medicamento. 6th Edition, UFSC/ UFRGS, Porto Alegre, 1102 p.
Miranda, C.A.S.F., Cardoso, M.G., Machado, S.M.F., Gomes, M.S., Andrade, J. and Teixeira, M.L. (2014) Correlacao entre composicao química e eficácia antioxidante de óleos essenciais de plantas condimentares por Análise de Agrupamentos Hierárquicos (HCA). E-xacta, 7, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.18674/exacta.v7i1.1223
Gomes, M.S., Cardoso, M.G., Soares, M.J., Batista, L.R., Machado, S.M.F., Andrade, M.A., Azeredo, C.M.O., Resende, J.M.V. and Rodrigues, L.M.A. (2014) Use of Essential Oils of the Genus Citrus as Biocidal Agents. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5, 299-305. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.53041
Teixeira, M.L., Cardoso, M.G., Souza, P.E., Machado, S.M.F., Andrade, M.A., Gomes, M.S. and Andrade, J. (2012) Citrumelo Swingle: Caracterizacao Química, Atividade Antioxidante e Antifúngica dos óleos Essenciais das Cascas Frescas e Secas. Magistra, 24, 194-203.
Adams, R.P. (2007) Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscop. 4th Edition, Allured, Carol Streem, 804 p.
Van Den Dool, H. and Kratz, P.D. (1963) A Generalization of the Retention Index System Including Linear Temperature Programmed Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography. Journal Chromatography A, 11, 463-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)80947-X
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2003) Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically: Approved Standard. 6nd Edition, Wayne (NCCLS Document M7-A6; NCCLS, 940).
OgunwAnde, I.A., OLawore, N.O., Ekundayo, O., Walker, T.M., Schmidt, J.M. and Setzer, W.N. (2005) Studies on the Essential Oils Composition, Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity of Eugenia uniflora L. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 15, 152-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijat.2005.07.004
Guerrini, A., Sacchetti, G., Rossi, D., Paganetto, G., Muzzoli, M., Andreotti, E., Tognolini, M., Maldonado, M.E. and Bruni, R. (2009) Bioactivities of Piper aduncum L. and Piper obliquum Ruiz & Pavon (Piperaceae) Essential Oils from Eastern Ecuador. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 27, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.08.002
Lima, R.K., Cardoso, M.G., Andrade, M.A., Guimaraes, P.L., Batista, L.R. and Nelson, D.L. (2012) Bactericidal and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Myristica fragrans Houtt and Salvia microphylla. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 89, 523-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-011-1938-1
Lopes-Lutz, D., Alviano, D.S., Alviano, C.S. and Kolodziejczyk, P.P. (2008) Screening of Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Artemisia Essential Oils. Phytochemistry, 69, 1732-1738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.02.014
Guerreiro, A.C., Gago, C.M.L., Miguel, M.G.C. and Antunes, M.D.C. (2013) The Effect of Temperature and Film Covers on the Storage Ability of Arbutus unedo L. Fresh Fruit. Scientia Horticulturae, 159, 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.04.030
Boulanouar, B., Abdelaziz, G., Aazza, S., Gago, C. and Miguel, M.G. (2013) Antioxidant Activities of Eight Algerian Plant Extracts and Two Essential Oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 16, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.01.020
Kanatt, S.R., Chander, R. and Sharma, A. (2007) Antioxidant Potential of Mint (Mentha spicata L.) in Radiation-Processed Lamb Meat. Food Chemistry, 100, 451-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.066
Prieto, P., Pineda, M.E. and Aguilar, M. (1999) Spectrophotometric Quantitation of Antioxidant Capacity through the Formation of a Phosphomolybdenum Complex: Specific Application to the Determination of Vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269, 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019
Ferreira, D.F. (2011) Sisvar: A Computer Statistical Analysis System. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia, 35, 1039-1042.
Evrendilek, G.A. (2015) Empirical Prediction and Validation of Antibacterial Inhibitory Effects of Various Plant Essential Oils on Common Pathogenic Bacteria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 202, 35-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.030
Gobbo-Neto, L. and Lopes, N.P. (2007) Plantas Medicinais: Fatores de influencia no conteúdo de metabólitos secundários. Química Nova, 30, 374-381. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000200026
Miranda, C.A.S.F., Cardoso, M.G., Carvalho, M.L.M., Machado, S.M.F., Gomes, M.S., Andrade, J. and Teixeira, M.L. (2015) Atividade alelopática de óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais na germinacao e vigor de aquenios de alface. Semina: Ciencias Agrárias, 36, 1783-1798. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n3supl1p1783
Lemos, M.F., Lemos, M.F, Pacheco, H.P., Endringer, D.C. and Scherer, R. (2015) Seasonality Modifies Rosemary’s Composition and Biological Activity. Industrial Crops and Products, 70, 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.02.062
Vogel, H., Razmilic, I., Munoz, P., Doll, U. and Martín, J.S. (1999) Studies of Genetic Variation of Essential Oil and Alkaloid Content in Boldo (Peumus boldus). Planta Médica, 65, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960450
Vila, R., Valenzuela, L., Bello, H., Canigueral, S., Montes, M. and Adzet, T. (1999) Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Peumus boldus Leaves. Planta Médica, 65, 178-179. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960461
Burt, S. (2004) Essential Oils: Their Antibacterial Properties and Potential Applications in Foods—A Review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94, 223-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
Valeriano, C., Piccoli, R.H., Cardoso, M.G. and Alves, E. (2012) Atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais em bactérias patogenicas de origem alimentar. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, Botucatu, 14, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-05722012000100009
Iscan, G., Kirimer, N., Kurkcuoglu, M., Baser, K.H.C. and Demirci, F. (2002) Antimicrobial Screening of Mentha piperita Essential Oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 3943-3946. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011476k
Silva, F.L., Sugauara, E.Y.Y., Magalhaes, H.M., Pascotto, C.R., Colauto, N.B., Linde, G.A. and Gazim, Z.C. (2014) Atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon citratus. Arquivo de Ciencias Veterinárias e Zoologia da UNIPAR, 17, 179-182.
Yadegarinia, D., Gachkar, L., Rezaei, M.B., Taghizadeh, M., Astaneh, S.A. and Rasooli, I. (2006) Biochemical Activities of Iranian Mentha piperita L. and Myrtus communis L. Essential Oils. Photochemistry, 67, 1161-1298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.04.025
Guimaraes, L., Cardoso, M.G., Sousa, E., Andrade, J. and Vieira S.S. (2011) Atividades antioxidante e fungitóxica do óleo essencial de capim-limao e do citral. Revista Ciencia Agronomica, 42, 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902011000200028
Teixeira, B., Marques, A., Ramos, C., Neng, N.R., Nogueira, J.M.F., Saraiva, J.A. and Nunes, M.L. (2013) Chemical Composition and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Commercial Essential Oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.069
Roby, M.H.H., Sharhan, M.A., Selim, K.A.H. and Khalel, K.I. (2013) Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Extracts of Fennel (Fóleo essencialniculum vulgare L.) and Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 44, 437-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.012
Gachkar, L., Yadegarinia, D., Rezaei, M.B., Taghizadeh, M., Astaneh, S.A. and Rasooli, I. (2007) Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Cuminum cyminum and Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oils. Food Chemistry, 2, 898-904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.035
Kulisic, T., Radonic, A., Katalinic, V. and Milos, M. (2004) Use of Different Methods for Testing Activity of Oregano Essential Oil. Food Chemistry, 85, 633-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.07.024
Singh, R., Shushni, M.A.M. and Belkheir, A. (2015) Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Mentha piperita L. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8, 322-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.01.019
Jordan, M.J., Lax, V., Rota, M.C., Loran, S. and Sotomayor, J.A. (2013) Effect of the Phenological Stage on the Chemical Composition, and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oil and Its Polyphenolic Extract. Industrial Crops and Products, 48, 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.031
Mimica-Dukic, N., Bozin, B., Sokovic, M., Mihajlovic, B. and Matavulj, M. (2003) Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Three Mentha Species Essential Oil. Planta Medica, 69, 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-39704
Silva, L.F., Cardoso, M.G., Batista, L.R., Gomes, M.S., Rodrigues, L.M.A., Rezende, D.A.C.S., Teixeira, M.L., Carvalho, M.S.S., Santiago, J.A. and Nelson, D.L. (2015) Chemical Characterization, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils of Mentha viridis L. and Mentha pulegium L. (L). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6, 666-675. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2015.65072