Cadmium Effects on Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation in Excised Etiolated Maize Leaf Segments during Greening: A Mechanistic Approach — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Cadmium Effects on Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation in Excised Etiolated Maize Leaf Segments during Greening: A Mechanistic Approach
School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa road, Indore, India
,
School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa road, Indore, India
,
School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa road, Indore, India
1 School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa road, Indore, India
2 School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa road, Indore, India
3 School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa road, Indore, India
Supply of CdCl 2 in the presence of NH 4 NO 3 to excised etiolated maize leaf segments during greening decreased the glutamine synthetase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) dependent glutamate synthase activities, while the ferredoxin (Fd) dependent glutamate synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were increased. Inclusion of inorganic nitrogen, metabolites and the inhibitor influenced the effect of Cd on glutamine synthetase activity. The % inhibition of activity caused by Cd was higher with NO<sub>3</sub><sup style="margin-left:-6px;">-</sup> but lower with NH<sub>4</sub><sup style="margin-left:-6px;">+</sup> . Glutamine, 2-oxoglutarate, glutathione and sucrose decreased the % inhibition by Cd with the more prominent effect with glutamine and sucrose. Methionine sulfoximine exerted a more prominent effect for + Cd enzyme at lower concentration. The results indicate the involvement of reciprocal effects of Cd on glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities and also on NADH- and Fd-glutamate synthase activities. For the inhibitory effect of Cd on glutamine synthetase activity, NH<sub>4</sub><sup style="margin-left:-6px;">+</sup> , glutamine, 2-oxoglutarate, glutathione and sucrose exerted a protective effect with the sucrose being most effective.
Sanita di Toppi, L. and Gabbrielli, R. (1999) Response to Cadmium in Higher Plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 41, 105-130.
Prasad, M.N.V. (1995) Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Vascular Plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 35, 525-545.
Pal, M., Horvath, E., Janda, T., Paldi, E. and Szalai (2006) Physiological Changes and Defense Mechanisms Induced by Cadmium Stress in Maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 169, 239-246. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200520573
Coruzzi, G. and Last, R. (2000) Amino Acids. In: Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R., Eds., Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, 358-410.
Oaks, A. and Hirrel, B. (1985) Nitrogen Metabolism in Roots. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 36, 345-365. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.36.060185.002021
Lea, P.J., Robinson, S.A. and Stewart, G.R. (1990) The Enzymology and Metabolism of Glutamate, Glutamine and Asparagine In: Miflin, B.J. and Lea, P.J., Eds., The Biochemistry of Plants, Amino Acids and Derivatives, Vol. 16, Academic Press, New York, 121-159.
Yamaya, T., Hayakawa, T., Tanasawa, K., Kamachi, K., Mae, T. and Ojima, K. (1992) Tissue Distribution of Glutamate Synthase and Glutamine Synthetase in Rice Leaves: Occurrence of NADH-Dependent Glutamate Synthase Protein and Activity in the Unexpanded Non-Green Leaf Blades. Plant Physiology, 100, 1427-1432. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.100.3.1427
Miyashita, Y. and Good, A.G. (2008) NAD(H)-Dependent Glutamate Dehydrogenase Is Essential for the Survival of Arabidopsis thaliana during Dark-Induced Carbon Starvation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59, 667-680. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm340
Labboun, S., Therese, T.L., Roscher, A., Bedu, M., Restivo, F.M., Velanis, C.N., Skopelitis, D.S., Moshou, P.N., Roubelakis-Angelakis, K.A., Suzuki, A. and Hirel, B. (2009) Resolving the Role of Plant Glutamate Dehydrogenase I in Vivo Real Time Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Experiments. Plant Cell Physiology, 50, 1761-1773. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcp118
Srivastava, H.S. and Singh, R.P. (1987) Role and Regulation of L-Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity in Higher Plants. Phytochemistry, 28, 597-610.
Skopelitis, D.S., Paranychianakis, N.V., Paschalidis, K.A., Pliakonis, E.D., Delis, I.D., Yakoumakis, D.L., Kouvarakis, A., Papadakis, A.K., Stephanou, E.G. and Roubelakis-Angelakisa, K.A. (2006) Abiotic Stress Generates ROS That Signal Expression of Anionic Glutamate Dehydrogenases to Form Glutamate for Proline Synthesis in Tobacco and Grapevine. Plant Cell, 18, 2767-2781. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.038323
Astolfi, S., Zuchi, S. and Passera, C. (2004) Effect of Cadmium on the Metabolic Activity of Avena sativa Plants Grown in Soil or Hydroponic Culture. Biologia Plantarum, 48, 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOP.0000041095.50979.b0
Balestrasse, K.B., Benavides, M.P., Gallego, S.M. and Tomaro, M.L. (2003) Effect of Cadmium Stress on Nitrogen Metabolism in Nodules and Roots of Soybean Plants. Functional Plant Biology, 30, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP02074
Chaffei, C., Pageau, K., Suzuki, A., Gouia, H., Ghorbel, M.H. and Masclaux-Daubresse, C. (2004) Cadmium Toxicity Induced Changes in Nitrogen Management in Lycopersicon esculentum Leading to a Metabolic Safeguard through an Amino Acid Storage Strategy. Plant Cell Physiology, 45, 1681-1693. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pch192
Wang, L., Zhou, Q., Ding, L. and Sun, Y. (2008) Effect of Cadmium Toxicity on Nitrogen Metabolism in Leaves of Solanum nigrum L. as a Newly Found Cadmium Hyperaccumulator. Journal of Hazardous Material, 154, 818-825.
Shapiro, B.M. and Stadtman, E.R. (1970) Metabolism of Amino Acids and Amines. In: Tabor, H. and Tabor, C.W., Eds., Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 17, Academic Press, New York, 910-922.
Hecht, U., Oclmuller, R., Schmidt, S. and Mohr, H. (1988) Action of Light, Nitrate and Ammonium on the Levels of NADH- and Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamate Synthases in the Cotyledons of Mustard Seedlings. Planta, 175, 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00402890
Duke, S.H. and Ham, G.E. (1976) The Effect of Nitrogen Addition on N2-Fixation and on Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Glutamate Synthase Activities in Nodules and Roots of Soybeans Inoculated with Various Strains of Rhizobium japonicum. Plant Cell Physiology, 17, 1037-1044.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951) Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-275.
Jain, M. and Gadre, R. (1998a) Effect of Cadmium on Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Glutamate Synthase in Excised Greening Bean Leaf Segments. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 68, 307-309.
Jain, M. and Gadre, R. (1998b) Effect of Cadmium on NADH-Glutamate Dehydrogenase and NADH-Glutamate Synthase Activities in Excised Bean Leaf Segments: Role of Glutathione. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 36, 625-627.
Chaffei, C., Masclaux-Daubresse, C., Gouia, H. and Ghorbel, M.H. (2006) Purification of Glutamate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes from Control and Cadmium Treated Tomato Leaf. In: Samiullah, N., Ed., Cadmium Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 137-156.
Houda, G., Chiraz, C., Mohamed, D. and Habib, G.M. (2008) Differential Toxicological Response to Cadmium Stress of Bean Seedlings Grown with NO 3 + or NH 4 + as Nitrogen Source. International Journal of Botany, 4, 14-23. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2008.14.23
Sood, C.R., Chandra, S.V. and Singh, Y.D. (2002) Effect of Different Nitrogen Sources and Plant Growth Regulators on Glutamine Synthetase and Glutamate Synthase Activities of Radish Cotyledons. Bulgerian Journal of Plant Physiology, 28, 46-56.
Ishiyama, K., Inoune, E., Watanabe-Takahasi, A., Obaras, M., Yamaya, T. and Takahashi, H. (2004) Kinetic Properties and Ammonium-Dependent Regulation of Cytosolic Isoenzymes of Glutamine Syntetase in Arabidopsis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 16598-16605. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M313710200
Ishiyama, K., Inoue, E., Tabuchi, M., Yamaya, T. and Hideki, T. (2004b) Biochemical Background and Compartmentalized Functions of Cytosolic Glutamine Synthetase for Active Ammonium Assimiation in Rice Roots. Plant Cell Physiology, 45, 1640-1647. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pch190
Ishiyama, K., Hayakawa, T. and Yamaya, T. (1998) Expression of NADH-Dependent Glutamate Synthase Protein in the Epidermis and Exodermis of Rice Roots in Response to the Supply of Ammonium Ions. Planta, 204, 288-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050258
Ishiyama, K., Kojima, S., Takahasi, H., Hayakawa, T. and Yamaya, T. (2003) Cell Type Distinct Accumulations of mRNA and Protein for NADH-Dependent Glutamate Synthetase in Rice Roots in Response to the Supply of NH4+. Plant Physiology Biochemistry, 41, 643-647.
Sonoda, Y., Ikeda, A., Saiki, S., Von Wiren, N., Yamaya, T. and Yamaguchi, J. (2003) Distinct Expression and Function of Three Ammonium Transporter Genes (OsAMT1; 1-1; 3) in Rice. Plant Cell Physiology, 44, 726-734. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcg083
Bagh, K., Hiraoki, T., Thorpe, T.A. and Vogel, H.J. (2004) Nitrogen-15 NMR Studies of Nitrogen Metabolism in Picea glauca Buds. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 42, 803-809.
Oliveira, I.C. and Coruzzi, G.M. (1999) Carbon and Amino Acids Reciprocally Modulate the Expression of Glutamine Synthetase in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 121, 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.121.1.301
Lima, L., Seabra, A., Melo, P., Cullimure, J. and Crvalho, H. (2006) Post-Translational Regulation of Cytosolic Glutamine Synthetase of Medicago truncatula. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, 2751-2761. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl036
Scheller, H.V., Huang, B., Hatch, E. and Goldsbrough, P.B. (1987) Phytochelatin Synthesis and Glutathione Levels in Response to Heavy Metals in Tomato Cells. Plant Physiology, 85, 1031-1035. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.85.4.1031
Rauser, L. and Ackerly, C.A. (1987) Localization of Cadmium in Granule within Differentiating and Mature Root Cells. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65, 643-646. https://doi.org/10.1139/b87-084
Lancien, M., Gadal, P. and Hodges, M. (2000) Enzyme Redundancy and the Importance of 2-Oxoglutarate in Higher Plant Ammonium Assimilation. Plant Physiology, 123, 817-824. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.123.3.817
Scheible, W.R., Gonzalez-Fontes, A., Lauerer, M., Muller-Robert, B. and Stitt, M. (1997) Nitrate Acts as a Signal to Induce Organic Acid Metabolism and Repress Starch Metabolism in Tobacco. Plant Cell, 9, 789-798. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.9.5.783
Morquende, R., Krapp, A., Hurry, V. and Stitt, M. (1998) Sucrose Feeding Leads to Increased Rates of Nitrate Assimilation, Increased Rates of 2-Oxoglutarate Synthesis, and Increased Synthesis of a Wide Spectrum of Amino Acids in Tobacco Leaves. Planta, 206, 394-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250050415