Modeling on Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulation in Three Layered Human Skin during Carpentering, Swimming and Marathon
- 1 Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- 2 Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- 3 Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Abstract
Metabolisms play a vital role in thermoregulation in the human body. The metabolic rate varies with the activity levels and has different behaviors in nature depending on the physical activities of the person. During the activity, metabolic rate increases rapidly at the beginning and then increases slowly to become almost constant after a certain time. So, its behavior is as logistics in nature. The high metabolic rate during activity causes the increase of body core temperature up to 39˚C [1] [2] . The logistic model of metabolic rate is used to re-model Pennes’ bioheat equation for the study of temperature distribution in three layered human dermal parts during carpentering, swimming and marathon. The finite element method is used to obtain the solution of the model equation. The results demonstrate that there is a significant change in tissue temperature due to sweating and ambient temperature variations.
- Alexiou, S. (2014) The Effect of Water Temperature on the Human Body and the Swimming Effort. Biology of Exercise, 10, 9-26.
- Kenefick, R.W., Cheuvront, S.N. and Sawka, M.N. (2007) Thermo-Regulatory Function during the Marathon. Sports Medicine, 37, 312-315. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737040-00010
- Fernandes, A., et al. (2014) Measuring Skin Temperature before, during and after Exercise, a Comparison of Thermocouple and Infrared Thermography. Physiological Measurement, 35, 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/35/2/189
- Mayers, G.E. (1981) Alcohol’s Effect of Body Temperature, Hyporthermia, Hyperthermia and Poikilothermia. Brain Research Bulletin, 7, 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(81)90085-X
- Acharya, S., Gurung, D.B. and Saxena, V.P. (2013) Effect of Metabolic Reaction on Thermo-Regulation in Human Male and Female Body. Applied Mathematics, 4, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.4236/am.2013.45A005
- Kimberly Holland, K. (2016) Thermoregulation, Healthline. University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Champaign.
- Tansey, E.A. and Johnson, C.D. (2015) Recent Advances in Thermoregulation. Advances in Physiology Education, 39, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00126.2014
- Gurung, D.B. and Shrestha, D.C. (2016) Mathematical Study of Temperature Distribution in Human Dermal Part during Physical Exercises. Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 12, 63-76. https://doi.org/10.3126/jie.v12i1.16727
- Gurung, D.B. (2007) Mathematical Study of Abnormal Thermo-Regulation in Human Dermal Part. Ph.D. Thesis, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel.
- Sawka, M.N., et al. (1993) Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments. The National Academics of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington DC, Ch. 1, 3-44.
- Diaz, M.D. and Becker, D.E. (2010) Physiological and Clinical Considerations during Sedation and General Anesthesia, American Dental Society of Anesthesiology. Anesthesia Progress, 57, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006-57.1.25
- Durnin, J.V.G.A. (1992) Energy Metabolism in the Elderly. In: Nutrition of the Elderly, Nutrition Workshop Series, Vol. 29, Raven, New York, 51-63.
- Agrawal, D.C. (1999) Work and Heat Energy Expenditure during Swimming. Physical Education, 34, 220-226. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/34/4/309
- Pennes, H.H. (1948) Analysis of Tissue and Arterial Blood Temperature in Resting Human Forearm. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1, 93-122. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1948.1.2.93