Minimally Invaded Sentinel Lymph Node Model for the Development of Intraoperative Infrared Fluorescence Imaging

Abstract

In this study we implemented an axillary SLN invasion model to develop highly sensitive imaging strategies enabling detection of a very small amount of tumor cells. A highly diffusible molecular probe targeting αvβ 3 and αvβ5 integrins was investigated either via IV or locoregional injections. We additionally documented the potential interferences of this Near Infrared Fluorescence Probe with Blue Patente V and ICG dyes routinely used to facilitate lymph node detection during surgery. The human mammary adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231-luc model was injected into the forepaw of nude female rats to obtain a controlled invasion of the axillary LN. Thanks to its high sensitivity, BLI was selected to achieve in vivo quantitation of tumor cells in SLNs and determine eligible animals for the study. NIRF of integrins was performed at 680 nm both in vivo and ex vivo using spectral unmixing to suppress auto-fluorescence signal and preserve sensitivity. In vivo BLI was quite reliable in estimating discrete invasion by cancer cells in the LN with thresholds of detection and quantitation of about 500 and 1500 cells respectively. For fluorescence at 680 nm, in vivo imaging is not suitable to detect micro-invasion, but ex vivo fluorescence with spectral unmixing of SLNs confirmed the presence of a tumor burden as low as 1500 cells expressing αvβ3 / αvβ5 integrins. Targeting few tumor cells inside a micro-invaded sentinel lymph node by molecular probes is not sensitive enough to provide direct in vivo or peroperative imaging. At the time NIRF is performed on the excised specimen, high sensitivity imaging associated with spectral unmixing allowed such detection within less than 1 minute of examination.