Water-logging and the inability to take up sufficient iron (Fe), causing iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) in soybean ( Glycine max , L. Merr.), can be major yield reducing factors in certain soils in the northern USA and Manitoba, Canada, soybean growing regions. The objective of this research was to evaluate soybean IDC, biomass production, and yield with seeding on raised beds and seed application of the Fe-chelate compound ortho-ortho-Fe-EDDHA. In six environments, soybean were seeded on raised beds and conventionally prepared seedbeds (flat) and with a factorial arrangement of five cultivars (within adapted maturity group 0.1 to 0.9 and variable IDC tolerance) and seed applied Fe-EDDHA using rates of 0 kg · ha − 1 and 3.36 kg · ha − 1 . There were no significant interactions between the factors tested. The plant population was 27% higher on the raised beds compared with flat, and yield was 6.3% higher (2893 kg · ha − 1 vs. 2722 kg · ha − 1 ). Total dry plant biomass on raised beds was 9.8% greater compared with flat. The plant population with seed applied Fe-EDDHA was 10.6% lower compared with no application. However, the IDC score was significantly lower 2.2 vs 2.4 (1 = green, 5 = dead) for Fe-EDDHA seed application. Yield and plant biomass were not significantly different between Fe treatments. Raised beds offer an opportunity for soybean growers to reduce the negative influence of excessive water. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effect of raised beds on plant development, IDC expression, and yield. The application of Fe-EDDHA remains a partial solution and should therefore be combined with other methods to reduce IDC. Further research should study other Fe-EDDHA application rates and methods.
USDA-NASS (National Agricultural Statistical Service) (2021) USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service North Dakota Field Office. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/index.php
Goos, R.J. and Johnson, B.E. (2000) A Comparison of Three Methods for Reducing Iron-Deficiency Chlorosis in Soybean. Agronomy Journal, 92, 1135-1139. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.9261135x
Hatfield, J.L., Allmaras, R.R., Rehm, G.W. and Lowery, B. (1998) Ridge Tillage for Corn and Soybean Production: Environmental Quality Impacts. Soil Tillage Research, 48, 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00141-X
Benjamin, J.G., Blaylock, A.D., Brown, H.J. and Cruse, R.M. (1990) Ridge Tillage Effects on Simulated Water and Heat Transport. Soil Tillage Research, 18, 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(90)90057-K
Bakker, D.M., Hamilton, G.J., Houlbrooke, D.J. and Spann, C. (2005) The Effect of Raised Beds on Soil Structure, Waterlogging, and Productivity on Duplex Soils in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 43, 575-585. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR03118
Sylvia, D.M., Fuhrmann, J.J., Hartel, P.G. and Zuberer, D.A. (1999) Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River.
Hoppe, A.R., Mehring, G.H. and Kandel, H. (2017) Soybean Productivity as Affected by Raised Beds under Dry Environments. Open Agriculture Journal, 11, 46-59. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874331501711010046
Hansen, N.C., Schmitt, M.A., Andersen, J.E. and Strock, J.S. (2003) Iron Deficiency of Soybean in the Upper Midwest and Associated Soil Properties. Proceedings of the Agronomy Journal, American Society of Agronomy, 95, 1595-1601. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.1595
Zhang, M., Yi, Z., Qiu, Q., Meng, F., Rao, D., Zhao, J., Zhang, W. and Yan, X. (2017) Relationship between Low Iron Stress and Iron Efficiency of Soybean Varieties. Asian Agricultural Research, 9, 37-42.
Kaiser, D.E., Lamb, J.A., Bloom, P.R and Hernandez, J.A. (2014) Comparison of Field Management Strategies for Preventing Iron Deficiency Chlorosis in Soybean. Agronomy Journal, 106, 1963-1974. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj13.0296
Wiersma, J.V. (2005) High Rates of Fe-EDDHA and Seed Iron Concentration Suggest Partial Solutions to Iron Deficiency in Soybean. Agronomy Journal, 97, 924-934. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.0309
Gamble, A.V, Howe, J.A., Delaney, D., van Stanten, E. and Yates, R. (2014) Iron Chelates Alleviate Iron Chlorosis in Soybean on High pH Soils. Agronomy Journal, 106, 1251-1257. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj13.0474
Kandel, H.J., Brodshaug, J.A., Steele, D.D., Ransom, J.K., DeSutter, T.M. and Sands, G.R. (2013) Subsurface Drainage Effects on Soil Penetration Resistance and Water Table Depth on a Clay Soil in the Red River of the North Valley, USA. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 15, 1-10.
Mourtzinis, S. and Conley, S.P. (2017) Delineating Soybean Maturity Groups across the US. Agronomy Journal, 109, 1397-1403. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.10.0581
Kandel, H. (2012) North Dakota Soybean Variety Trial Results for 2012 and Selection Guide. North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
Kandel, H. (2013) North Dakota Soybean Variety Trial Results for 2013 and Selection Guide. North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
Schmitz, P.K., Stanley, J.D. and Kandel, H.J. (2020) Row Spacing and Seeding Rate Effect on Soybean Seed Yield in North Dakota. Crop, Forage, and Turfgrass Management, 11, 605 https://doi.org/10.1002/cft2.20010
Gaspar, A.P., Mourtzinis, S., Kyle, D., Galdi, E., Lindsey, L.E., Hamman, W.P., Matcham, E.G., Kandel, H.J., Schmitz, P., Stanley, J.D., et al. (2020) Defining Optimal Soybean Seeding Rates and Associated Risk across North America. Agronomy Journal, 112, 2928-2943. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20203
North Dakota Agricultural Weather Network (NDAWN) (2021) Air Temperature and Precipitation. https://ndawn.ndsu.nodak.edu/
Liesch, A.M., Ruiz Diaz, D.A., Martin, K.L., Olson, B.L., Mengel, D. B. and Roozeboom, K.L. (2011) Management Strategies for Increasing Soybean Yield on Soils Susceptible to Iron Deficiency. Agronomy Journal, 103, 1870-1877. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2011.0191
Kirnak, H., Gokalp, Z., Dogan, E. and Copur, O. (2017) Soil Characteristics of Soybean Fields as Effected by Compaction, Irrigation, and Fertilization. Legume Research, 40, 691-697. https://doi.org/10.18805/lr.v0i0.8407
Hoppe, A.R. (2013) Soybean Productivity as Affected by Raised Seedbeds and Subsurface Drainage, M.Sc. Thesis: North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
Bruns, H.A. and Young, L.D. (2012) Raised Seedbeds for Soybean in Twin Rows Increase Yields over Flat Seedbeds. Crop Management, 11, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1094/CM-2012-0712-01-RS
Oosterhuis, D.M., Scott, H.D., Hampton, R.E. and Wullschleger, S.D. (1989) Physiological Responses of Two Soybean [Glycine max, (L.) Merr] Cultivars to Short-Term Flooding. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 30, 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(90)90012-S
Wiersma, J.V. (2007) Iron Acquisition of Three Soybean Varieties Grown at Five Seeding Densities and Five Rates of Fe-EDDHA. Proceedings of the Agronomy Journal, 99, 1018-1028. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0271
Goos, R.J. and Johnson, B. (2001) Seed Treatment, Seeding Rate, and Cultivar Effects on Iron Deficiency Chlorosis of Soybean. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 24, 1255-1268. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-100106980
Schenkeveld, W.D.C., Dijcker, R., Reichwein, A.M., Temminghoff, E.J.M. and van Riemsdijk, W.H. (2008) The Effectiveness of Soil-Applied FeEDDHA Treatments in Preventing Iron Chlorosis in Soybean as a Function of the o,o,-FeEDDHA Content. Plant and Soil, 303, 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9496-x
Board, J. (2000) Light Interception Efficiency and Light Quality Affect Yield Compensation of Soybean at Low Plant POPULATIONS. Crop Science, 40, 1285-1294. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.4051285x
Taylor, H.M., Mason, W.K., Bennie, A.T.P., Rowse, H.R. (1982) Responses of Soybeans to Two Row Spacings and Two Soil Water Levels. I. An Analysis of Biomass Accumulation, Canopy Development, Solar Radiation Interception and Components of Seed Yield. Field Crops Research, 5, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(82)90002-8