Silage Feeding with Water Hyacinth in the Tropics: A Research Note
- 1 Skye Blue Internet, Port Coquitlam, Canada
Abstract
Water hyacinth has ecological significance in addition to its agricultural and energy uses. Lower quality silage is defined in this paper as requiring nitrogen supplementation and treatment to improve nutritive value (NV). Ensilage of water hyacinth as a test case centers largely around the process to optimize protein nitrogen retention in silage-based regimens. A previous hypothesis proposed earlier by the author of that of functional amino acid ratios [tyrosine (TYR): large neutral amino acids (LNAA), tyrosine (TYR): phenylalanine (PHE)] were subsequently found to be counter to what the given schemata predicts. And subsequently with another study there was no corroborative evidence for it to support the espoused hypothesis using the same schemata. The role of N status is still the most viable option among factors from studies continuing how amino acids like histidine (HIS) and arginine (ARG) and their growth-related endocrine functions play a role. There are other schemas illustrating non-homeostatic type regulation with protein intake. To focus on molecular-level mechanisms to ruminal protein digestion it is becoming clear what factors in feed and microbial cell fermentation contribute to optimizing microbial cell protein (MCP) synthesis from ATP with organic matter (OM) digestibility and preformed amino acids (PFAA) from peptides and free amino acids in addition to non-protein nitrogen (NPN), the former more efficiently assimilated in MCP than NPN in the rumen. Accordingly, it has been recommended that soluble proteins fed to dairy cows not exceed microbial requirements along with high dietary escape protein fed with a sufficient amino acid profile to meet dairy production.
- Flores, D.A., Phillip, L.E., Veira, D.M. and Ivan, M. (1986) Digestion in the Rumen and Amino Acid Supply to the Duodenum of Sheep Fed Ensiled and Fresh Alfalfa. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 66, 1019-1027. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-112
- Flores, D.A., Phillip, L.E., Veira, D.M. and Ivan, M. (1986) The Significance of Silage Protein Degradation and Plasma Amino Acid Ratios in the Control of Food Intake by Lambs Fed Ensiled and Fresh Alfalfa. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 66, 1029-1038. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-113
- Hardman, C.A., Herbert, V.M.B., Brunstorm, J.M., Munafo, M.R. and Rogers, P.J. (2012) Dopmamine and Food Reward: Effects of Acute Tyrosine: Phenylalanine Depletion on Appetite. Physiology and Behavior, 105, 1202-1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.022
- Bellone, J., Valetto, M.R., Aimaretti, G., Segni, M., Volta, C., Cardimale, G., Baffoni, C., Pasquino, A.M., Bernasconi, S., Bartolotta, E., Mucci and Ghigo, E. (1996) Effects of Phenylalanine, Histidine and Leucine on Basal and GHRH-Stimulated GH Secretion and on PRL, Insulin and Glucose Levels in Short Children. Comparison with Effects of Arginine. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 9, 523-531.
- Sadiq, F., Cromptom, L.A., Scaife, J.R. and Lomax, M.A. (2008) Effect of Prolonged Intravenous Glucose and Essential Amino Acid Infusion on Nitrogen Balance, Muscle Protein Degradation and Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme Gene Expression in Calves. Nutrition and Metabolism, 5, 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-5-5
- Flores, D.A. (2012) Erratum: Biotechnology and the Improvement of Silage (Tropical and Temperate) Rumen Digestion: a minireview. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 94, 1399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4092-2
- Kellaway, R.C. and Leibholz, J. (1983) Effect of Nitrogen Supplements on Intake and Utilization of Low-Quality Forages. World Animal Review, 48, 33-37.
- Papas, A., Hatfield, E.E. and Owens, F.N. (1974) Responses of Growing Lambs to Abomasal Infusion of Corn Oil, Starch, Casein and Amino Acid Mixtures. Journal of Nutrition, 104, 1543-1553. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/104.12.1543
- Gill, M. and Ulyatt, M.J. (2009) The Effect of Supplementation with Protein, Energy and L-Methionine, on the Digestion of Silage by Sheep. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 89, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600027180
- Flores, D.A. (1991) Biotechnology and the Improvement of Silage (Tropical and Temperate) Rumen Digestion: A Minireview. Applied Micobiology and Biotechnology, 35, 277-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00172712