The article proposes two agricultural paradigms to address global food production sustainability. First, precision agroecology may unite production-oriented and ecological agriculture, but it offers distinct solutions based on data, innovation, and decision-analysis technologies. The author demonstrates how precision technology and agroecological principles can transform agriculture by 1) minimizing inputs with optimization prescriptions, 2) replacing self-sustaining inputs with location variable rate technology, 3) integrating functional ecosystems into agroecosystems with exact preservation technology, 4) hooking up farmers and consumers via value-based food ecosystems, and 5) establishing equitable agroecology. Hence, precision agroecology provides a rare opportunity to integrate indigenous practices and contemporary technologies to revolutionize farming practices. Precision agroecology can tackle agriculture’s most serious sustainability issues in a world in flux.
KeywordsPrecision AgricultureAgroecologyBiodiversityFood Systems
Council, N.R. (2010) Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century. The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
Bardgett, R.D. and Gibson, D.J. (2017) Plant Ecological Solutions to Global Food Security. Journal of Ecology, 105, 859-864. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12812
Foley, J.A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K.A., Cassidy, E.S., Gerber, J.S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N.D., O’Connell, C., Ray, D.K., West, P.C., et al. (2011) Solutions for a Cultivated Planet. Nature, 478, 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10452
Daum, T. (2021) Farm Robots: Ecological Utopia or Dystopia? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 36, 774-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.06.002
Anderson, C.R., Bruil, J., Chappell, M.J., Kiss, C. and Pimbert, M.P. (2019) From Transition to Domains of Transformation: Getting to Sustainable and Just Food Systems through Agroecology. Sustainability, 11, Article 5272. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195272
Rosset, P.M. and Altieri, M.A. (2017) Agroecology: Science and Politics. Fernwood Publishing: Winnipeg, MB. https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780449944.000
Bellwood-Howard, I. and Ripoll, S. (2020) Divergent Understandings of Agroecology in the Era of the African Green Revolution. Outlook on Agriculture, 49, 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727020930353
Tom, K. (2020) Speech at U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) 2020, Agricultural Outlook Forum, Arlington, VA.
Meola, A. (2020) Smart Farming in 2020: How IoT Sensors Are Creating a More Efficient Precision Agriculture Industry. https://www.globalagtechinitiative.com/market-watch/smart-farming-in-2020-how-iot-sensors-are-creating-a-more-efficient-precision-agriculture-industry/
Carolan, M. (2017) Publicising Food: Big Data, Precision Agriculture, and Co-Experimental Techniques of Addition. Sociologia Ruralis, 57, 135-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12120
Gebbers, R. and Adamchuck, V.I. (2010) Precision Agriculture and Food Security. Science, 327, 828-830. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1183899
Lawrence, P.G., Rew, L.J. and Maxwell, B.D. (2015) A Probabilistic Bayesian Framework for Progressively Updating Site-Specific Recommendations. Precision Agriculture, 16, 275-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-014-9375-4
Luschei, E.C., Van Wychen, L.R., Maxwell, B.D., Bussan, A.J., Buschena, D. and Goodman, D. (2001) Implementing and Conducting On-Farm Weed Research with the Use of GPS. Weed Science, 49, 536-542. https://doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0536:IACOFW]2.0.CO;2
Maxwell, B.D. and Luschei, E.C. (2005) Justification for Site-Specific Weed Management Based on Ecology and Economics. Weed Science, 53, 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-04-071R2
Bucci, G., Bentivoglio, D. and Finco, A. (2018) Precision Agriculture as a Driver for Sustainable Farming Systems: State of Art in Literature and Research. Quality—Access to Success, 19, 114-121.
Altieri, M.A. and Nicholls, C.I. (2020) Agroecology and the Reconstruction of a Post-COVID-19 Agriculture. Journal of Peasant Studies, 47, 881-898. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2020.1782891
National Research Council (2010) Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century. The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
Wezel, A., Bellon, S., Doré, T., Francis, C., Vallod, D. and David, C. (2009) Agroecology as a Science, a Movement and a Practice. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29, 503-515. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009004
Altieri, M.A. (1999) The Ecological Role of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 74, 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00028-6
FAO (2018) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. The 10 Elements of Agroecology: Guiding the Transition to Sustainable Food and Agricultural Systems. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
(2015) Nyéléni Declaration of the International Forum for Agroecology. https://www.foei.org/declaration-of-the-international-forum-for-agroecology
Filipiak, J. (2011) The Work of Local Culture: Wendell Berry and Communities as the Source of Farming Knowledge. Agricultural History, 85, 174-194. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2011.85.2.174
Shava, S., Krasny, M.E., Tidball, K.G. and Zazu, C. (2010) Agricultural Knowledge in Urban and Resettled Communities: Applications to Social-Ecological Resilience and Environmental Education. Environmental Education Research, 16, 575-589. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2010.505436
Connor, D.J. (2018) Organic Agriculture and Food Security: A Decade of Unreason Finally Implodes. Field Crops Research, 225, 128-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.06.008
Cook, S., Lacoste, M., Evans, F., Ridout, M., Gibberd, M. and Oberthür, T. (2018) An On-Farm Experimental Philosophy for Farmer-Centric Digital Innovation. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Montreal, 24-27 June 2018.
Macmillan, T. and Benton, T. (2014) Engage Farmers in Research. Nature, 509, 25-27. https://doi.org/10.1038/509025a
Maxwell, B.D., Hegedus, H., Loewen, S., Sheppard, J., Morales, G., Peerlinck, A., Duff, H. and Bekkerman, A. (2021) Agroecosystem Adaptive Management: A Framework for Shared Knowledge Used for Management. Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT,.
Bullock, D.S., Mieno, T. and Hwang, J. (2020) The Value of Conducting On-Farm Field Trials Using Precision Agriculture Technology: A Theory and Simulations. Precision Agriculture, 21, 1027-1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-019-09706-1
Kyveryga, P.M. (2019) On-Farm Research: Experimental Approaches, Analytical Frameworks, Case Studies, and Impact. Agronomy Journal, 111, 2633-2635. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2019.11.0001
Robert, P. (1993) Characterization of Soil Conditions at the Field Level for Soil Specific Management. Geoderma, 60, 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(93)90018-G
Garbach, K., Milder, J.C., Declerck, F.A., De Wit, M.M., Driscoll, L. and Gemmill-Herren, B. (2016) Examining Multi-Functionality for Crop Yield and Ecosystem Services in Five Systems of Agroecological Intensification. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 15, 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2016.1174810
McFadden, J.R., Rosburg, A. and Njuki, E. (2022) Information Inputs and Technical Efficiency in Midwest Corn Production: Evidence from Farmers’ Use of Yield and Soil Maps. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 104, 589-612. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12251
Nicholson, C.C., Emery, B.F. and Niles, M.T. (2021) Global Relationships between Crop Diversity and Nutritional Stability. Nature Communications, 12, Article No. 5310. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25615-2
Tomich, T.P., Brodt, S., Ferris, H., Galt, R., Horwath, W.R., Kebreab, E., Leveau, J.H., Liptzin, D., Lubell, M., Merel, P., et al. (2011) Agroecology: A Review from a Global-Change Perspective. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36, 193-222. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012110-121302
Levins, R. (1990) The Struggle for Ecological Agriculture in Cuba. Capitalism Nature Socialism, 1, 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455759009358419
Rosset, P.M. and Altieri, M.A. (1997) Agroecology versus Input Substitution: A Fundamental Contradiction of Sustainable Agriculture. Society & Natural Resources, 10, 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941929709381027
Francis, C., Lieblein, G., Gliessman, S., Breland, T.A., Creamer, N., Harwood, R., Salomonsson, L., Helenius, J., Rickerl, D., Salvador, R., et al. (2003) Agroecology: The Ecology of Food Systems. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 22, 99-118. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v22n03_10
DiTommaso, A., Averill, K.M., Hoffmann, M.P., Fuchsberg, J.R. and Losey, J.E. (2016) Integrating Insect, Resistance, and Floral Resource Management in Weed Control Decision-Making. Weed Science, 64, 743-756. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-16-00052.1
Ewing, P.M., TerAvest, D., Tu, X. and Snapp, S.S. (2021) Accessible, Affordable, Fine-Scale Estimates of Soil Carbon for Sustainable Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 85, 1814-1826. https://doi.org/10.1002/saj2.20263
Gliessman, S.R. and Engles, E. (2015) Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems. Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17881
Altieri, M. (1995) Agroecology: The Scientific Basis of Alternative Agriculture. West View Press, Boulder, CO.
Vandermeer, J., van Noordwijk, M., Anderson, J., Ong, C. and Perfecto, I. (1998) Global Change and Multi-Species Agroecosystems: Concepts and Issues. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 67, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00150-3
Vandermeer, J. (2011) The Ecology of Agroecosystems. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA.
Weiner, J. (2017) Applying Plant Ecological Knowledge to Increase Agricultural Sustainability. Journal of Ecology, 105, 865-870. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12792
Marchant, B., Rudolph, S., Roques, S., Kindred, D., Gillingham, V., Welham, S., Coleman, C. and Sylvester-Bradley, R. (2019) Establishing the Precision and Robustness of Farmers’ Crop Experiments. Field Crops Research, 230, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.10.006
Gliessman, S. (2016) Transforming Food Systems with Agroecology. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 40, 187-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1130765
Elliot, E.T. and Cole, V. A (1989) Perspective on Agroecosystem Science. Ecology, 70, 1597-1602. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938092
Khosla, R., Inman, D., Westfall, D.G., Reich, R.M., Frasier, M., Mzuku, M., Koch, B. and Hornung, A. (2008) A Synthesis of Multi-Disciplinary Research in Precision Agriculture: Site-Specific Management Zones in the Semi-Arid Western Great Plains of the USA. Precision Agriculture, 9, 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-008-9057-1
Koch, B., Khosla, R., Frasier, W.M., Westfall, D.G. and Inman, D. (2004) Economic Feasibility of Variable-Rate Nitrogen Application Utilizing Site-Specific Management Zones. Agronomy Journal, 96, 1572-1580. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1572
Farid, H.U., Bakhsh, A., Ahmad, N., Ahmad, A. and Mahmood-Khan, Z. (2016) Delineating Site-Specific Management Zones for Precision Agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Science, 154, 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859615000143
Moshia, M.E., Khosla, R., Longchamps, L., Reich, R., Davis, J.G. and Westfall, D.G. (2014) Precision Manure Management across Site-Specific Management Zones: Grain Yield and Economic Analysis. Agronomy Journal, 106, 2146-2156. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj13.0400
Biermacher, J.T., Brorsen, B.W., Epplin, F.M., Solie, J.B. and Raun, W.R. (2009) The Economic Potential of Precision Nitrogen Application with Wheat Based on Plant Sensing. Agricultural Economics, 40, 397-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00387.x
Bronson, K.F., Booker, J.D., Bordovsky, J.P., Keeling, J.W., Wheeler, T.A., Boman, R.K., Parajulee, M.N., Segarra, E. and Nichols, R.L. (2006) Site-Specific Irrigation and Nitrogen Management for Cotton Production in the Southern High Plains. Agronomy Journal, 98, 212-219. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0149
Flowers, M., Weisz, R., Heiniger, R., Osmond, D. and Crozier, C. (2004) In-Season Optimization and Site-Specific Nitrogen Management for Soft Red Winter Wheat. Agronomy Journal, 96, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1240
Stevens, D. (2017) Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Sustainable Corn Production through Use of Remote Sensors to Direct Sitespecific Nitrogen Application [FNC17-1100]. Project Report. https://projects.sare.org/project-reports/fnc17-1100/
Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D. and Moore, R. (2017) Google Earth Engine: Planetary-Scale Geospatial Analysis for Everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202, 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
Tully, K.L. and McAskill, C. (2020) Promoting Soil Health in Organically Managed Systems: A Review. Organic Agriculture, 10, 339-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-019-00275-1
Carr, P.M., Cavigelli, M.A., Darby, H., Delate, K., Eberly, J.O., Gramig, G.G., Heckman, J.R., Mallory, E.B., Reeve, J.R., Silva, E.M., et al. (2019) Nutrient Cycling in Organic Field Crops in Canada and the United States. Agronomy Journal, 111, 2769-2785. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2019.04.0275
Osterholz, W.R., Culman, S.W., Herms, C., de Oliveira, F.J., Robinson, A. and Doohan, D. (2021) Knowledge Gaps in Organic Research: Understanding Interactions of Cover Crops and Tillage for Weed Control and Soil Health. Organic Agriculture, 11, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-020-00313-3
Barański, M., Srednicka-Tober, D., Volakakis, N., Seal, C., Sanderson, R., Stewart, G.B., Benbrook, C., Biavati, B., Markellou, E., Giotis, C., et al. (2014) Higher Antioxidant and Lower Cadmium Concentrations and Lower Incidence of Pesticide Residues in Organically Grown Crops: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analyses. British Journal of Nutrition, 112, 794-811. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514001366
Carr, P.M., Cavigelli, M.A., Darby, H., Delate, K., Eberly, J.O., Fryer, H.K., Gramig, G.G., Heckman, J.R., Mallory, E.B., Reeve, J.R., et al. (2019) Green and Animal Manure Use in Organic Field Crop Systems. Agronomy Journal, 112, 648-674. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20082
Church, S.P., Lu, J., Ranjan, P., Reimer, A.P. and Prokopy, L.S. (2020) The Role of Systems Thinking in Cover Crop Adoption: Implications for Conservation Communication. Land Use Policy, 94, Article 104508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104508
Seufert, V. and Ramankutty, N. (2017) Many Shades of Gray—The Context-Dependent Performance of Organic Agriculture. Science Advances, 3, e1602638. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1602638
Alba, O.S., Syrovy, L.D., Duddu, H.S. and Shirtliffe, S.J. (2020) Increased Seeding Rate and Multiple Methods of Mechanical Weed Control Reduce Weed Biomass in a Poorly Competitive Organic Crop. Field Crops Research, 245, Article 107648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.107648
Ma, S.C., Wang, T.C., Guan, X.K. and Zhang, X. (2018) Effect of Sowing Time and Seeding Rate on Yield Components and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat by Regulating the Growth Redundancy and Physiological Traits of Root and Shoot. Field Crops Research, 221, 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.02.028
Miller, P.R., Lighthiser, E.J., Jones, C.A., Holmes, J.A., Rick, T.L. and Wraith, J.M. (2011) Pea Green Manure Management Affects Organic Winter Wheat Yield and Quality in Semiarid Montana. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 91, 497-508. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps10109
Pes, L.Z., Amado, T.J.C., Gebert, F.H., Schwalbert, R.A. and Pott, L.P. (2021) Hairy Vetch Role to Mitigate Crop Yield Gap in Different Yield Environments at Field Level. Scientia Agricola, 79, e20200327. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2020-0327
Capmourteres, V., Adams, J., Berg, A., Fraser, E., Swanton, C. and Anand, M. (2018) Precision Conservation Meets Precision Agriculture: A Case Study from Southern Ontario. Agricultural Systems, 167, 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.09.011
Isaacs, R., Tuell, J., Fiedler, A., Gardiner, M. and Landis, D. (2009) Maximizing Arthropod-Mediated Ecosystem Services in Agricultural Landscapes: The Role of Native Plants. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, 196-203. https://doi.org/10.1890/080035
Landis, D.A. (2017) Designing Agricultural Landscapes for Biodiversity-Based Ecosystem Services. Basic and Applied Ecology, 18, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2016.07.005
Losey, J.E. and Vaughan, M. (2006) The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects. BioScience, 56, 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[311:TEVOES]2.0.CO;2
Tilman, D., Cassman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R. and Polasky, S. (2002) Agricultural Sustainability and Intensive Production Practices. Nature, 418, 671-677. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01014
Gurr, G.M., Wratten, S.D. and Luna, J.M. (2003) Basic and Applied Ecology Multi-Function Agricultural Biodiversity: Pest Management and Other Benefits. Basic and Applied Ecology, 4, 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-1791-00122
Garbach, K., Milder, J.C., Montenegro, M., Karp, D.S. and DeClerck, F.A.J. (2014) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Agroecosystems. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2, 21-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52512-3.00013-9
Power, A.G. (2010) Ecosystem Services and Agriculture: Tradeoffs and Synergies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, 2959-2971. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0143
Tscharntke, T., Klein, A.M., Kruess, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Thies, C. (2005) Landscape Perspectives on Agricultural Intensification and Biodiversity—Ecosystem Service Management. Ecology Letters, 8, 857-874. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x
Kremen, C. (2005) Managing Ecosystem Services: What Do We Need to Know about Their Ecology? Ecology Letters, 8, 468-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00751.x
Duru, M., Therond, O., Martin, G., Martin-Clouaire, R., Magne, M.-A., Justes, E., Journet, E.-P., Aubertot, J.-N., Savary, S., Bergez, J.-E., et al. (2015) How to Implement Biodiversity-Based Agriculture to Enhance Ecosystem Services. Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture, 35, 1259-1281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0306-1
Basso, B. (2021) Precision Conservation for a Changing Climate. Nature Food, 2, 322-323. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00283-z
Swinton, S.M., Lupi, F., Robertson, G. and Hamilton, S.K. (2007) Ecosystem Services and Agriculture: Cultivating Agricultural Ecosystems for Diverse Benefits. Ecological Economics, 64, 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.09.020
Berry, J.K., Delgado, J.A., Khosla, R. and Pierce, F.J. (2003) Precision Conservation for Environmental Sustainability. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 58, 332-339.
Cousins, S.A. (2006) Plant Species Richness in Midfield Islets and Road Verges—The Effect of Landscape Fragmentation. Biological Conservation, 127, 500-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.009
Fiedler, A.K., Landis, D.A. and Wratten, S.D. (2008) Maximizing Ecosystem Services from Conservation Biological Control: The Role of Habitat Management. Biological Control, 45, 254-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.12.009
Brydegaard, M. and Samuel, J. (2019) Advances in Entomological Laser Radar. Journal of Engineering, 21, 7542-7545. https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2019.0598
Robb, B.C., Olsoy, P.J., Mitchell, J.J., Caughlin, T.T., Delparte, D.M., Galla, S.J., Fremgen-Tarantino, M.R., Nobler, J.D., Rachlow, J.L. and Shipley, L.A. (2022) Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Aids Ecological Restoration by Classifying Variation of Taxonomy and Phenology of a Native Shrub. Restoration Ecology, 30, e13584. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13584
Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Wanger, T.C., Jackson, L., Motzke, I., Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J. and Whitbread, A. (2012) Global Food Security, Biodiversity Conservation and the Future of Agricultural Intensification. Biological Conservation, 151, 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.01.068
Feenstra, G., Allen, P., Hardesty, S., Ohmart, J. and Perez, J. (2011) Using a Supply Chain Analysis to Assess the Sustainability of Farm-to-Institution Programs. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 1, 69-84. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2011.014.009
Xu, L., Yang, X., Wu, L., Chen, X., Chen, L. and Tsai, F.S. (2019) Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Food with Information on Animal Welfare, Lean Meat Essence Detection, and Traceability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, Article 3616. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193616
Doub, A., Levin, A., Heath, C.E., LeVangie, K. and Hepworth, A. (2015) Mobile Appetite: Consumer Attitudes towards and Use of Mobile Technology in the Context of Eating Behaviour. Journal of Direct Data and Digital Marketing Practice, 17, 114-129. https://doi.org/10.1057/dddmp.2015.44
McCluskey, J.J. (2000) A Game Theoretic Approach to Organic Foods: An Analysis of Asymmetric Information and Policy. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 29, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1068280500001386
Stave, K.A. and Kopainsky, B. (2015) A System Dynamics Approach for Examining Mechanisms and Pathways of Food Supply Vulnerability. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 5, 321-336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0289-x
Laforge, J.M., Dale, B., Levkoe, C.Z. and Ahmed, F. (2020) The Future of Agroecology in Canada: Embracing the Politics of Food Sovereignty. Journal of Rural Studies, 81, 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.10.025
Tal, A. (2018) Making Conventional Agriculture Environmentally Friendly: Moving beyond the Glorification of Organic Agriculture and the Demonization of Conventional Agriculture. Sustainability, 10, Article 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041078
Sun, W., Whelan, B., McBratney, A.B. and Minasny, B. (2013) An Integrated Framework for Software to Provide Yield Data Cleaning and Estimation of an Opportunity Index for Site-Specific Crop Management. Precision Agriculture, 14, 376-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-012-9300-7
Schimmelpfennig, D. and Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. (2020) Farm Types and Precision Agriculture Adoption: Crops, Regions, Soil Variability, and Farm Size. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-38. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3689311
Baars, T. (2010) Experiential Science; Towards an Integration of Implicit and Reflected Practitioner-Expert Knowledge in the Scientific Development of Organic Farming. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 24, 601-628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-010-9281-3
Lindblom, J., Lundström, C., Ljung, M. and Jonsson, A. (2017) Promoting Sustainable Intensification in Precision Agriculture: Review of Decision Support Systems Development and Strategies. Precision Agriculture, 18, 309-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-016-9491-4
McCown, R.L. (2001) Learning to Bridge the Gap between Science-Based Decision Support and the Practice of Farming: Evolution in Paradigms of Model-Based Research and Intervention from Design to Dialogue. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52, 549-572. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR00119
McBratney, A., Whelan, B., Ancev, T. and Bouma, J. (2005) Future Directions of Precision Agriculture. Precision Agriculture, 6, 7-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-005-0681-8
Weersink, A., Fraser, E., Pannell, D., Duncan, E. and Rotz, S. (2018) Opportunities and Challenges for Big Data in Agricultural and Environmental Analysis. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 10, 19-37. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100516-053654
Kamilaris, A., Kartakoullis, A. and Prenafeta-Boldú, F.X. (2017) A Review on the Practice of Big Data Analysis in Agriculture. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 143, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.09.037
Saiz-Rubio, V. and Rovira-Más, F. (2020) From Smart Farming towards Agriculture 5.0: A Review on Crop Data Management. Agronomy, 10, Article 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020207