Analytical method for the residues of strobilurins azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in blueberries was developed. Fungicide residues were determined by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) cou-pled to gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detector. The effect of pH values and fiber coatings were studied. The SPME fiber coating selected was 100 μm PDMS. The method is selective with adequate precision and high accuracy and sensitivity. Recoveries ranged within the 100% - 106% range for azoxystrobin, and 96% - 106% range for pyraclostrobin; and detection and quantification limits were 2.0 and 6.0 μg/kg for azoxystrobin, and 26.0 and 86.0 μg/kg for py-raclostrobin, respectively. Statistical parameters indicated the occurrence of matrix effect; con-sequently calibration was performed on spiked samples. Degradation of azoxystrobin and pyra-clostrobin was studied in blueberry fields located in Concordia, Argentina, with fruits from Emerald and Jewel varieties. The degradation of these fungicides in both blueberry varieties studied followed a first order rate kinetics, and the half-life for azoxystrobin was 11.6 and 17.8 days for Emerald and Jewel cultivars; and for pyraclostrobin was 5.5 and 8.0 days, respectively.
Fenoll, J., Hellín, P., Martínez, C. M., Miguel, M. and Flores, P. (2007) Multiresidue Method for Analysis of Pesticides in Pepper and Tomato by Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detection. Food Chemistry, 105, 711-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.060
Belmonte Valles, N., Retamal, M., Mezcua, M. and Fernández-Alba, A.R. (2012) A Sensitive and Selective Method for the Determination of Selected Pesticides in Fruit by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry with Negative Chemical Ionization. Journal of Chromatography A, 1264, 110-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.063
Cajka, T., Sandy, C., Bachanova, V., Drabova, L., Kalachova, K., Pulkrabova, J. and Hajslová, J. (2012) Streamlining Sample Preparation and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Multiple Pesticide Residues in Tea. Analytica Chimica Acta, 743, 51-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.051
Cazorla-Reyes, R., Fernández-Moreno, J.L., Romero-González, R., Garrido Frenich, A. and Martínez Vidal, J.L. (2011) Single Solid Phase Extraction Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of Polar and Non-Polar Pesticides in Urine Samples by Gas Chromatography and Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Talanta, 85, 183-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.048
Cunha, S.C. and Fernandes, J.O. (2011) Multipesticide Residue Analysis in Maize Combining Acetonitrile-Based Extraction with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218, 7748-7757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.066
Cus, F., Cesnik, H.B., Bolta, S.V. and Gregorcic, A. (2010) Pesticide Residues and Microbiological Quality of Bottled Wines. Food Control, 21, 150-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.04.010
Lee, K.-G and Jo, E.-K. (2012) Multiresidue Pesticide Analysis in Korean Ginseng by Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 134, 2497-2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.094
Walorczyk, S. (2012) Gas Chromatographic-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Pesticides Residues in Produce Using Concurrent Solvent Recondensation-Large Volume Injection. Journal of Chromatography A, 1222, 98-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.012
Walorczyk, S. and Drozdzynski, D. (2012) Improvement and Extension to New Analytes of a Multi-Residue Method for the Determination of Pesticides in Cereals and Dry Animal Feed Using Gas Chromatography-Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Revisited. Journal of Chromatography A, 1251, 219-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.055
Alder, L., Lüderitz, S., Lindtner, K. and Stan, H.-J. (2004) The ECHO Technique—The More Effective Way of Data Evaluation in Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 1058, 67-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.120
Banerjee, K., Oulkar, D.P., Dasgupta, S., Patil, S.B., Patil, S.H., Savant, R. and Adsule, P.G. (2007) Validation and Uncertainty Analysis of a Multi-Residue Method for Pesticides in Grapes Using Ethyl Acetate Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1173, 98-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.013
Coscollà, C., Yusà, V., Beser, M.I. and Pastor, A. (2009) Multi-Residue Analysis of 30 Currently Used Pesticides in Fine Airborne Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) by Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 8817-8827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.031
Economou, A., Botitsi, H., Antoniou, S. and Tsipi, D. (2009) Determination of Multi-Class Pesticides in Wines by Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 5856-5867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.031
Luan, Y.S., Feng, L., Xia, X.Y. and An, L.J. (2007) First Report of Alternaria tenuissima Causing Disease on Blueberry in China. Plant Disease, 91, 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-4-0464A
Munitz, M.S., Garrido, C.E., Gonzalez, H.H.L., Resnik, S.L., Salas, P.M. and Montti, M.I.T. (2013) Mycoflora and Potential Mycotoxin Production of Freshly Harvested Blueberry in Concordia, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. International Journal of Fruit Science, 13, 312-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2013.748374
Rivera, M.C., Wright, E.R., Pérez, B.A., Rabelino, P.G. and Pérez, J.A. (2009) Enfermedades del Arándano. In: Gráfica, O. and Wright, E.R., Eds., Guía de Enfermedades, Insectos y Malezas del Arándano, Orientación Gráfica, Buenos Aires, 1-68.
Tournas, V.H. and Katsoudas, E. (2005) Mould and Yeast Flora in Fresh Berries, Grapes and Citrus Fruits. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 105, 11-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.05.002
Vásquez, P., Baldomá, J.A., Wright, E.R., Pérez, A. and de Sesar, M.D. (2007) First Report of Blueberry Botrytis Blight in Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, and Córdoba, Argentina. Plant Disease, 91, 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-91-5-0639C
Wharton, P.S. and Schilder, A.C. (2008) Novel Infection Strategies of Colletotrichum acutatum on Ripe Blueberry Fruit. Plant Pathology, 57, 122-134.
Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on Maximum Residue Levels of Pesticides in or on Food and Feed of Plant and Animal Origin and Amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC. Official Journal of the European Union, L70, 1-16.
Filho, A.M., Santos, F.N.D and Pereira, P.A. (2010) Development, Validation and Application of a Methodology Based on Solid-Phase Micro Extraction Followed by Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (SPME/GCMS) for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Mangoes. Talanta, 81, 346-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2009.12.008
Filho, A.M., Santos, F.N.D and Pereira, P.A. (2010) Development, Validation and Application of a Method Based on DI-SPME and GC-MS for Determination of Pesticides of Different Chemical Groups in Surface and Groundwater Samples. Microchemical Journal, 96, 139-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2010.02.018
Viñas, P., Campillo, N., Martínez-Castillo, N. and Hernández-Córdoba, M. (2009) Method Development and Validation for Strobilurin Fungicides in Baby Foods by Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 140-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.036
Chai, M.K. and Tan, G.H. (2009) Validation of a Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Procedure with Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables. Food Chemistry, 117, 561-567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.034
Fytianos, K., Raikos, N., Theodoridis, G., Velinova, Z. and Tsoukali, H. (2006) Solid Phase Microextraction Applied to the Analysis of Organophosphorus Insecticides in Fruits. Chemosphere, 65, 2090-2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.046
Tsoukali, H., Theodoridis, G., Raikos, N. and Grigoratou, I. (2005) Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Biological Samples. Journal of Chromatography B, 822, 194-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.05.035
Caldas, S.S., Bolzan, C.M., Cerqueira, M.B., Tomasini, D., Furlong, E.B., Fagundes, C. and Primel, E.G. (2011) Evaluation of a Modified QuEChERS Extraction of Multiple Classes of Pesticides from a Rice Paddy Soil by LC-APCIMS/MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 11918-11926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf202878s
Bolaños, P.P., Moreno, J.L.F., Shtereva, D.D., Frenich, A.G. and Vidal, J.L.M. (2007) Development and Validation of a Multiresidue Method for the Analysis of 151 Pesticide Residues in Strawberry by Gas Chromatography Coupled to a Triple Quadrupole Mass Analyzer. Rapid Communication in Mass Spectrometry, 21, 2282-2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3091
Kolberg, D.I., Prestes, O.D., Adaime, M.B. and Zanella, R. (2011) Development of a Fast Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Pesticides in Dry Samples (Wheat Grains, Flour and Bran) Using QuEChERS Based Method and GC-MS. Food Chemistry, 125, 1436-1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.041
Lesueur, C., Knittl, P., Gartner, M., Mentler, A. and Fuerhacker, M. (2008) Analysis of 140 Pesticides from Conventional Farming Foodstuff Samples after Extraction with the Modified QuECheRS Method. Food Control, 19, 906-914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.09.002